AS Number
AS16024
AS Name
GELSEN-NET
Org Name
GELSEN-NET Kommunikationsgesellschaft mbH
Country / Region
Germany
Registry

ripe

RegDate

Updated

2018-11-22T15:27:26Z

AS16024 Looking Glass
IPv4Prefixes

11

IPv6Prefixes

9

IPv4 NUMs

12,544

IPv6 NUMs(/64)

34,359,803,904

12,544 IPv4 Addresses
CIDR Description IP Num
46.28.32.0/21
ROA Signed and Valid IRR InValid
GELSEN-NET Kommunikationsgesellschaft mbH 2048
149.232.184.0/22
ROA Signed and Valid IRR InValid
GELSEN-NET Kommunikationsgesellschaft mbH 1024
149.232.190.0/23
ROA Signed and Valid IRR InValid
GELSEN-NET Kommunikationsgesellschaft mbH 512
149.232.244.0/22
ROA Signed and Valid IRR InValid
PPPoE-with-BBRAS-static-IPs-1 1024
149.232.248.0/22
ROA Signed and Valid IRR InValid
PPPoE-with-BBRAS-with-CGN1-System 1024
156.67.56.0/24
ROA Signed and Valid IRR Valid
vbu-4-it-stadt-ge-schulen-net 256
156.67.56.0/23
IRR InValid
GELSEN-NET Kommunikationsgesellschaft mbH 512
185.47.232.0/22
ROA Signed and Valid IRR InValid
GELSEN-NET Kommunikationsgesellschaft mbH 1024
185.159.32.0/22
ROA Signed and Valid IRR InValid
GELSEN-NET Kommunikationsgesellschaft mbH 1024
193.26.125.0/24
ROA Signed and Valid IRR Valid
Verkehrsverbund Rhein-Ruhr AoeR 256
217.70.160.0/20
ROA Signed and Valid IRR InValid
GELSEN-NET Kommunikationsgesellschaft mbH 4096
CIDR Description IP NUMs(prefix /64)
2001:67c:cd8::/48
ROA Signed and Valid IRR Valid
Verkehrsverbund Rhein-Ruhr AoeR 65536
2a02:1670::/32
ROA Signed and Valid IRR Valid
GELSEN-NET-SIX 4294967296
2a02:1671::/32
ROA Signed and Valid IRR Valid
GELSEN-NET Kommunikationsgesellschaft mbH 4294967296
2a02:1672::/32
ROA Signed and Valid IRR Valid
GELSEN-NET Kommunikationsgesellschaft mbH 4294967296
2a02:1673::/32
ROA Signed and Valid IRR Valid
GELSEN-NET Kommunikationsgesellschaft mbH 4294967296
2a02:1674::/32
ROA Signed and Valid IRR Valid
GELSEN-NET Kommunikationsgesellschaft mbH 4294967296
2a02:1675::/32
ROA Signed and Valid IRR Valid
GELSEN-NET Kommunikationsgesellschaft mbH 4294967296
2a02:1676::/32
ROA Signed and Valid IRR Valid
GELSEN-NET Kommunikationsgesellschaft mbH 4294967296
2a02:1677::/32
ROA Signed and Valid IRR Valid
GELSEN-NET Kommunikationsgesellschaft mbH 4294967296
AS Description Country / Region IPv4 NUMs IPv6 NUMs IPv4 IPv6
AS29075 IELO - IELO-LIAZO SERVICES SAS, FR France 42,240 107,374,182,400 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS17557 PKTELECOM-AS-PK - Pakistan Telecommuication company limited, PK Pakistan 3,856,472 4,295,032,832 IPv4 IPv4
AS31510 IKB-AS - Innsbrucker Kommunalbetriebe AG, AT Austria 27,904 4,294,967,296 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS37721 Virtual-Technologies-Solutions-SA - Virtual Technologies & Solutions, BF Burkina Faso 15,360 4,294,967,296 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS137409 GSLNETWORKS-AS-AP - GSL Networks Pty LTD, AU Australia 54,528 141,751,156,736 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS12329 TMR - GLASFASER RUHR GmbH & Co. KG, DE Germany 18,688 4,294,967,296 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS8447 A1TELEKOM-AT - A1 Telekom Austria AG, AT Austria 2,831,360 171,799,150,592 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS13237 LAMBDANET-AS - euNetworks GmbH, DE Germany 562,688 111,669,149,696 IPv4 IPv4
AS47692 NESSUS - Nessus GmbH, AT Austria 35,584 34,360,066,048 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS59605 ZAINGP-AS - MENA LEVANT W.L.L, BH Bahrain 6,400 458,752 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS1267 ASN-WINDTRE - WIND TRE S.P.A., IT Italy 6,567,936 2,233,382,993,920 IPv6 IPv6
AS1828 UNITAS - Unitas Global LLC, US United States 264,704 47,244,640,256 IPv6 IPv6
AS8309 SIPARTECH - SIPARTECH SAS, FR France 41,216 34,359,738,368 IPv4 IPv4
AS5713 SAIX-NET - Telkom SA Ltd., ZA South Africa 1,991,424 17,600,775,979,008 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS6204 ZET-NET - INTERKVM HOST SRL, RO Romania 512 268,435,456 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS20932 SIG-ST - Services Industriels de Geneve, CH Switzerland 9,472 4,294,967,296 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS34019 HIVANE, FR France 2,816 1,245,184 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS62275 NHM - NHM - S.R.L., IT Italy 5,376 171,798,691,840 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS1239 SPRINTLINK - Sprint, US United States 12,180,736 229,781,012,480 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS12552 IPO-EU - GlobalConnect AB, SE Sweden 582,400 274,879,021,056 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS15547 NETPLUS - netplus.ch SA, CH Switzerland 134,144 42,949,672,960 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS41327 FIBERTELECOM-AS - Fiber Telecom S.p.A., IT Italy 8,448 68,719,476,736 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS49544 i3Dnet - i3D.net B.V, NL Netherlands 101,632 341,184,020,480 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS3209 VODANET - Vodafone GmbH, DE Germany 12,768,000 5,686,537,289,728 IPv4 IPv4
AS18106 VIEWQWEST-SG-AP - Viewqwest Pte Ltd, SG Singapore 53,248 13,153,337,344 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS34224 NETERRA-AS - Neterra Ltd., BG Bulgaria 44,544 4,294,967,296 IPv4 IPv4
AS39351 ESAB-AS - 31173 Services AB, SE Sweden 9,984 8,590,786,560 IPv4 IPv4
AS51184 FONIRA - Fonira Telekom GmbH, AT Austria 12,800 111,669,739,520 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS200780 APPLIWAVE - APPLIWAVE SAS, FR France 20,224 38,654,705,664 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS6057 Administracion Nacional de Telecomunicaciones, UY Uruguay 2,164,224 68,719,476,736 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS39120 CONVERGENZE-AS - Convergenze S.p.A., IT Italy 38,144 12,884,901,888 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS49605 DTS-AS - Digital Telecommunication Services S.r.l., IT Italy 9,472 38,654,705,664 IPv4 IPv4
AS263009 FORTE TELECOM LTDA., BR Brazil 9,216 4,294,967,296 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS328832 Network-Platforms-International - Network Platforms (PTY) LTD, ZA South Africa 0 0 IPv4 IPv4
AS9002 RETN-AS - RETN Limited, GB United Kingdom 34,048 4,294,967,296 IPv6 IPv6
AS35360 GARGUNET - Frederic Gargula, CH Switzerland 1,024 34,359,738,368 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS35280 F5 - F5 Networks SARL, FR France 50,432 81,604,378,624 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS56987 AS-ABACLOUDA - ABACLOUDA SAS, FR France 1,024 34,359,738,368 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS57463 NetIX - NetIX Communications JSC, BG Bulgaria 512 0 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS63927 RISE-HK - RISE ASIA TECHNOLOGY LIMITED, HK Hong Kong 2,560 141,733,920,768 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS8218 NEO-ASN - Zayo Infrastructure France SA, FR France 47,616 12,884,967,424 IPv6 IPv6
AS13058 serve-u-AS - serve-u - Buchholz und Suenderhauf GbR, DE Germany 1,792 34,359,738,368 IPv6 IPv6
AS48919 UA-CITY-AS - UACITY Ltd., UA Ukraine 9,216 65,536 IPv6 IPv6
AS14840 COMMCORP COMUNICACOES LTDA, BR Brazil 64,512 15,083,634,688 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS34309 LINK11 - Link11 GmbH, DE Germany 43,520 4,295,098,368 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS47147 AS-ANX - ANEXIA Internetdienstleistungs GmbH, AT Austria 1,536 196,608 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS58299 OPENFACTORY-AS - Openfactory GmbH, CH Switzerland 3,328 17,179,934,720 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS22356 Durand do Brasil Ltda, BR Brazil 29,184 4,294,967,296 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS12779 ITGATE - IT.Gate S.p.A., IT Italy 45,568 42,949,804,032 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS24482 SGGS-AS-AP - SG.GS, SG Singapore 21,504 4,294,967,296 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS45352 IPSERVERONE-AS-AP - IP ServerOne Solutions Sdn Bhd, MY Malaysia 39,424 4,027,645,952 IPv4 IPv4
AS52320 GlobeNet Cabos Submarinos Colombia, S.A.S., CO Colombia 4,096 8,589,934,592 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS30781 JAGUAR-AS - Free Pro SAS, FR France 96,512 133,144,051,712 IPv6 IPv6
AS5398 AS5398 - AS5398 SA, CH Switzerland 17,152 42,949,672,960 IPv4 IPv4
AS48362 TKSWF-AS - Stadtwerke Feldkirch, AT Austria 7,680 4,294,967,296 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS33891 CORE-BACKBONE - Core-Backbone GmbH, DE Germany 0 0 IPv6 IPv6
AS25091 IP-MAX - IP-Max SA, CH Switzerland 13,824 68,719,607,808 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS8529 OMANTEL-AS - Zain Omantel International FZ-LLC, AE United Arab Emirates 15,360 0 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS9050 RTD - ORANGE ROMANIA COMMUNICATION S.A, RO Romania 1,497,088 4,294,967,296 IPv4 IPv4
AS34177 CELESTE-AS - CELESTE SAS, FR France 193,536 42,949,672,960 IPv4 IPv4
AS6939 HURRICANE - Hurricane Electric LLC, US United States 525,312 282,631,665,745,920 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS1764 NEXTLAYER-AS - Next Layer Telekommunikationsdienstleistungs- und Beratungs GmbH, AT Austria 87,552 244,813,398,016 IPv4 IPv4
AS9498 BBIL-AP - Bharti Airtel Limited, IN India 2,059,776 17,183,997,952 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS37100 SEACOM-AS - SEACOM Limited, MU Mauritius 1,072,896 12,884,901,888 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS38193 TWA-AS-AP - TRANSWORLD ASSOCIATES (PVT) LIMITED, PK Pakistan 25,344 4,294,967,296 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS200612 GulfBridgeInternational - Gulf Bridge International Inc., VG British Virgin Islands 3,072 34,360,197,120 IPv4 IPv4
AS34927 iFog-GmbH - iFog GmbH, CH Switzerland 4,096 174,850,048 IPv6 IPv6
AS559 SWITCH, CH Switzerland 2,183,936 176,093,790,208 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS15802 DU-AS1 - Emirates Integrated Telecommunications Company PJSC, AE United Arab Emirates 1,167,360 30,064,771,072 IPv4 IPv4
AS47734 TELECOM-IT-SOLUTIONS-AS - Telecom IT Solutions SRL, RO Romania 256 65,536 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS202365 Chronos - Omer GOLGELI, TR Turkey 1,280 34,360,066,048 IPv6 IPv6
AS28716 RETELIT-AS - Retelit Digital Services S.p.A., IT Italy 48,384 107,374,182,400 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS15605 CONNESI - Connesi s.p.a., IT Italy 21,504 17,179,869,184 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS15763 ASDOKOM - DOKOM Gesellschaft fuer Telekommunikation mbH, DE Germany 116,736 4,294,967,296 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS59890 Kabel-TV-Lampert - Kabel-TV Lampert GmbH & Co KG, AT Austria 13,312 34,359,738,368 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS262589 INTERNEXA BRASIL OPERADORA DE TELECOMUNICACOES S.A, BR Brazil 242,944 30,086,594,560 IPv4 IPv4
AS6695 DECIX-AS - DE-CIX Management GmbH, DE Germany 0 0 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS Description Country / Region IPv4 NUMs IPv6 NUMs IPv4 IPv6
AS15763 ASDOKOM - DOKOM Gesellschaft fuer Telekommunikation mbH, DE Germany 116,736 4,294,967,296 IPv4 IPv4
AS35227 ASHSW - Hertener Stadtwerke GmbH, DE Germany 2,048 0 IPv4 IPv4
AS212587 ASGKDRE - Gemeinsame Kommunale Datenzentrale Recklinghausen Zweckverband, DE Germany 4,096 65,536 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS61244 EURO-SAT - Manfred Casper trading as EURO-SAT, DE Germany 5,120 34,359,738,368 IPv6 IPv6
AS12329 TMR - GLASFASER RUHR GmbH & Co. KG, DE Germany 18,688 4,294,967,296 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6

Peers at this Exchange Point

Country / Region IX IPv4 IPv6 Port Speed Updated
Germany Ruhr-CIX 185.1.197.2 2001:7f8:106::3e98:0:1 10 Gbps 2021-03-16 16:22:37
Germany DE-CIX Frankfurt 80.81.194.76 2001:7f8::3e98:0:1 10 Gbps 2020-02-14 12:15:45
Germany DE-CIX Munich 185.1.208.120 2001:7f8:44::3e98:0:1 10 Gbps 2021-07-29 16:09:32
Germany DE-CIX Dusseldorf 185.1.170.111 2001:7f8:9e::3e98:0:1 10 Gbps 2020-07-14 08:54:06
Germany DE-CIX Hamburg 185.1.210.122 2001:7f8:3d::3e98:0:1 10 Gbps 2021-08-19 15:22:29
Germany DE-CIX Dusseldorf 185.1.171.13 2001:7f8:9e::3e98:0:2 10 Gbps 2021-03-16 16:22:37

Private Peering Facilities

Country / Region Name City Website Updated
Digital Realty Frankfurt FRA1-16 Frankfurt https://www.digitalrealty.com/data-centers/frankfurt/gip-park-area-frankfurt-am-main-germany-1 2020-02-14 12:18:15
Digital Realty Dusseldorf DUS1-2 Düsseldorf https://www.digitalrealty.com/data-centers/dusseldorf/in-der-steele-25-27a-dusseldorf-germany 2020-02-14 12:19:17
GELSEN-NET Gelsenkirchen Gelsenkirchen https://www.gelsen-net.de/index.php/serverhousing.html 2021-02-23 11:54:45
GELSEN-NET DC Resse Gelsenkirchen https://www.gelsen-net.de/Geschaeftskunden/Digitalisierung-und-Clouddienste/Rechenzentrumbetrieb-1216212758.html 2021-02-23 13:52:34
TMR DataCenter Herne Herne http://www.tmr.net/carrier/produkte/carrierhotel.html 2022-03-18 08:27:59
DOKOM21 RZ Hörde Dortmund https://www.dokom21.de/de/Geschaeftskunden/rechenzentrum/losungen/serverraum--rack.htm 2022-03-18 08:28:59
DOKOM21 RZ Huckarde Dortmund https://www.dokom21.de/de/Geschaeftskunden/rechenzentrum/losungen/serverraum--rack.htm 2022-03-18 08:29:04
TMR DataCenter Bochum Bochum http://www.tmr.net/ 2022-03-18 08:29:16
IP Address Domain NUMs Domains
46.28.32.9 2 bergersee.de
46.28.33.201 1 www.t000-n.de
46.28.35.117 1 glomme.synology.me
46.28.35.160 2 tobgra.ddns.net
46.28.36.157 1 post.vbhg.de
46.28.36.181 1 filr.kuniberg-bk.de
46.28.36.182 2 ad.hb-bk-re.de
46.28.36.183 2 kks.re.delubit.net
46.28.36.185 1 mail.gs-suderwich.schulen-re.de
46.28.36.186 1 gs-suderwich.de
as-block:       AS15965 - AS16057
descr:          RIPE NCC ASN block
remarks:        These AS Numbers are assigned to network operators in the RIPE NCC service region.
mnt-by:         RIPE-NCC-HM-MNT
created:        2018-11-22T15:27:26Z
last-modified:  2018-11-22T15:27:26Z
source:         RIPE



aut-num:        AS16024
org:            ORG-GKm1-RIPE
as-name:        GELSEN-NET
descr:          Willy-Brandt-Allee 26
descr:          D-45891 Gelsenkirchen
descr:          Germany
remarks:        ----------------------------------------
remarks:        ***IPv4***
remarks:        ----------------------------------------
import:         from AS3209 accept ANY
import:         from AS12329 accept ANY
import:         from AS15763 accept ANY
import:         from AS6695 accept ANY
import:         from AS56890 accept ANY
import:         from AS43252 accept ANY
import:         from AS47228 accept ANY
import:         from AS8391 accept ANY
import:         from AS35227 accept AS35227
import:         from AS1273 accept ANY
import:         from AS212587 accept AS212587
import:         from AS57891 accept ANY
import:         from AS6939 accept ANY
export:         to AS3209 announce AS-GELSEN-NET
export:         to AS6695 announce AS-GELSEN-NET
export:         to AS56890 announce AS-GELSEN-NET
export:         to AS43252 announce AS-GELSEN-NET
export:         to AS47228 announce AS-GELSEN-NET
export:         to AS12329 announce ANY
export:         to AS15763 announce ANY
export:         to AS8391 announce AS-GELSEN-NET
export:         to AS35227 announce ANY
export:         to AS1273 announce AS-GELSEN-NET
export:         to AS212587 announce ANY
export:         to AS57891 announce AS-GELSEN-NET
export:         to AS6939 announce AS-GELSEN-NET
remarks:        ----------------------------------------
remarks:        ***IPv6***
remarks:        ----------------------------------------
mp-import:      afi ipv6.unicast from AS6695 accept ANY
mp-import:      afi ipv6.unicast from AS56890 accept ANY
mp-import:      afi ipv6.unicast from AS43252 accept ANY
mp-import:      afi ipv6.unicast from AS47228 accept ANY
mp-import:      afi ipv6.unicast from AS12329 accept ANY
mp-import:      afi ipv6.unicast from AS15763 accept ANY
mp-import:      afi ipv6.unicast from AS6939 accept ANY
mp-import:      afi ipv6.unicast from AS3209 accept ANY
mp-import:      afi ipv6.unicast from AS8391 accept ANY
mp-import:      afi ipv6.unicast from AS35227 accept AS35227
mp-import:      afi ipv6.unicast from AS1273 accept ANY
mp-import:      afi ipv6.unicast from AS212587 accept AS212587
mp-import:      afi ipv6.unicast from AS57891 accept ANY
mp-export:      afi ipv6.unicast to AS6695 announce AS-GELSEN-NET
mp-export:      afi ipv6.unicast to AS56890 announce AS-GELSEN-NET
mp-export:      afi ipv6.unicast to AS43252 announce AS-GELSEN-NET
mp-export:      afi ipv6.unicast to AS47228 announce AS-GELSEN-NET
mp-export:      afi ipv6.unicast to AS12329 announce ANY
mp-export:      afi ipv6.unicast to AS15763 announce ANY
mp-export:      afi ipv6.unicast to AS6939 announce AS-GELSEN-NET
mp-export:      afi ipv6.unicast to AS3209 announce AS-GELSEN-NET
mp-export:      afi ipv6.unicast to AS8391 announce AS-GELSEN-NET
mp-export:      afi ipv6.unicast to AS35227 announce ANY
mp-export:      afi ipv6.unicast to AS1273 announce AS-GELSEN-NET
mp-export:      afi ipv6.unicast to AS212587 announce ANY
mp-export:      afi ipv6.unicast to AS57891 announce AS-GELSEN-NET
admin-c:        MB50825-RIPE
tech-c:         GR2386-RIPE
status:         ASSIGNED
mnt-by:         RIPE-NCC-END-MNT
mnt-by:         GR2386-RIPE-MNT
created:        1970-01-01T00:00:00Z
last-modified:  2023-06-13T17:20:02Z
source:         RIPE

organisation:   ORG-GKm1-RIPE
org-name:       GELSEN-NET Kommunikationsgesellschaft mbH
country:        DE
org-type:       LIR
address:        Willy-Brandt-Allee 26
address:        45891
address:        Gelsenkirchen
address:        GERMANY
phone:          +49 209 702 0
fax-no:         +49 209 702 2100
abuse-c:        AR14579-RIPE
admin-c:        BF451-RIPE
admin-c:        KK5112-RIPE
admin-c:        CP2-RIPE
admin-c:        GR2386-RIPE
mnt-ref:        GR2386-RIPE-MNT
mnt-ref:        RIPE-NCC-HM-MNT
mnt-by:         RIPE-NCC-HM-MNT
mnt-by:         GR2386-RIPE-MNT
created:        2004-04-17T11:07:30Z
last-modified:  2023-06-13T17:15:39Z
source:         RIPE
e-mail:         noc@gelsen-net.de

role:           GELSEN-NET ROLE
address:        GELSEN-NET
address:        Kommunikationsgesellschaft mbH
address:        Willy-Brandt-Allee 26
address:        DE-45891 Gelsenkirchen
e-mail:         noc@gelsen-net.de
e-mail:         bjoern.ferber@gelsen-net.de
e-mail:         kevin.klein@gelsen-net.de
admin-c:        MB50825-RIPE
tech-c:         CP2-RIPE
tech-c:         BF451-RIPE
tech-c:         KK5112-RIPE
nic-hdl:        GR2386-RIPE
remarks:        DNS company account
mnt-by:         GR2386-RIPE-MNT
created:        1970-01-01T00:00:00Z
last-modified:  2024-03-25T14:39:09Z
source:         RIPE

person:         Markus Balke
address:        GELSEN-NET
address:        Kommunikationsgesellschaft mbH
address:        Willy-Brandt-Allee 26
address:        D-45891 Gelsenkirchen
address:        Germany
phone:          +492097022150
e-mail:         markus.balke@gelsen-net.de
nic-hdl:        MB50825-RIPE
mnt-by:         GR2386-RIPE-MNT
created:        2020-11-16T13:18:29Z
last-modified:  2023-06-13T17:26:20Z
source:         RIPE