AS Number
AS197071
AS Name
ACTIVE-SERVERS
Org Name
active 1 GmbH
Country
Germany
Registry

ripe

RegDate

Updated

2024-09-04T14:04:38Z

AS197071 Looking Glass
https://lg.active-servers.com
IPv4Prefixes

68

IPv6Prefixes

5

IPv4 NUMs

18,176

IPv6 NUMs(/64)

68,719,607,808

18,176 IPv4 Addresses
CIDR Description IP Num
5.175.206.0/24
ROA Signed and Valid IRR InValid
AltunHOST 256
31.214.149.0/24
ROA Signed and Valid IRR Valid
active 1 GmbH 256
31.214.240.0/21
IRR InValid
active 1 GmbH 2048
31.214.241.0/24
ROA Signed and Valid IRR Valid
DE-dedicatedserver 256
31.214.242.0/24
ROA Signed and Valid IRR Valid
DE-EBIZ-CONSULT 256
31.214.242.0/23
ROA Signed and Valid IRR InValid
DE-EBIZ-CONSULT 512
31.214.243.0/24
ROA Signed and Valid IRR Valid
DE-nexorahost-01 256
31.214.244.0/24
IRR Valid
TS-FFM-PATH01 256
31.214.246.0/24
IRR Valid
FRA3-ITK-COACH 256
31.214.246.0/23
IRR InValid
FRA3-ITK-COACH 512
31.214.247.0/24
IRR Valid
DE-activecustomer 256
46.251.225.0/24
ROA Signed and Valid IRR Valid
active 1 GmbH 256
46.251.227.0/24
ROA Signed and Valid IRR Valid
active 1 GmbH 256
82.29.5.0/24
ROA Signed and Valid IRR InValid
Pein GbR 256
91.217.251.0/24
ROA Signed and Valid IRR Valid
active 1 GmbH 256
95.156.196.0/24
IRR Valid
Marcel Edler trading as Optimate-Server 256
95.156.225.0/24
ROA Signed and Valid IRR Valid
DE-ACTIVE-00 256
95.156.226.0/24
ROA Signed and Valid IRR Valid
DE-network-ffm-v4-01 256
95.156.228.0/24
ROA Signed and Valid IRR Valid
active 1 GmbH 256
95.156.228.0/22
ROA Signed and Valid IRR InValid
active 1 GmbH 1024
95.156.229.0/24
ROA Signed and Valid IRR Valid
Hebergtonserv 256
95.156.230.0/24
ROA Signed and Valid IRR Valid
DE-ACTIVE-05 256
95.156.230.0/23
ROA Signed and Valid IRR InValid
DE-ACTIVE-05 512
95.156.231.0/24
ROA Signed and Valid IRR Valid
active 1 GmbH 256
95.156.232.0/24
ROA Signed and Valid IRR Valid
DE-gamesrapid-01 256
109.230.195.0/24
ROA Signed and Valid IRR Valid
active 1 GmbH 256
109.230.198.0/24
IRR Valid
Marcel Edler trading as Optimate-Server 256
109.230.224.0/24
ROA Signed and Valid IRR Valid
DE-ACTIVE-01 256
109.230.224.0/20
ROA Signed and Valid IRR InValid
active 1 GmbH 4096
109.230.225.0/24
ROA Signed and Valid IRR Valid
Web-Cloud-Apps 256
109.230.226.0/24
ROA Signed and Valid IRR Valid
de-herold-its-00 256
109.230.227.0/24
ROA Signed and Valid IRR Valid
DE-BENHOSTING-2 256
109.230.228.0/24
ROA Signed and Valid IRR Valid
DE-EcMIn-Shared-01 256
109.230.229.0/24
ROA Signed and Valid IRR Valid
DE-HighQualityServer 256
109.230.230.0/24
ROA Signed and Valid IRR Valid
FRA-ITK-COACH 256
109.230.231.0/24
ROA Signed and Valid IRR Valid
DE-FFM-Boldt-03 256
109.230.232.0/24
ROA Signed and Valid IRR Valid
ITP-Solutions UG & Co. KG 256
109.230.233.0/24
ROA Signed and Valid IRR Valid
U-EDV-Hosting 256
109.230.234.0/24
ROA Signed and Valid IRR Valid
lantown-net-01 256
109.230.235.0/24
ROA Signed and Valid IRR Valid
DE-vmnet-01 256
109.230.236.0/24
ROA Signed and Valid IRR Valid
DE-ACTIVE-02 256
109.230.237.0/24
ROA Signed and Valid IRR Valid
DE-blockchainnet 256
109.230.239.0/24
ROA Signed and Valid IRR Valid
DE-ACTIVE-03 256
109.230.252.0/24
ROA Signed and Valid IRR Valid
host-zentrum-02 256
109.230.252.0/22
ROA Signed and Valid IRR InValid
active 1 GmbH 1024
109.230.253.0/24
ROA Signed and Valid IRR Valid
DE-SIXX-01 256
134.255.220.0/22
ROA Signed and Valid IRR InValid
ZAP-Hosting GmbH & Co. KG 1024
134.255.222.0/24
ROA Signed and Valid IRR Valid
DE-actserv-4netplayers-01 256
134.255.223.0/24
ROA Signed and Valid IRR Valid
DE-actserv-4netplayers-02 256
134.255.224.0/24
ROA Signed and Valid IRR Valid
DE-fresenit4-03 256
134.255.224.0/22
ROA Signed and Valid IRR InValid
DE-fresenit4-03 1024
134.255.228.0/24
ROA Signed and Valid IRR Valid
DE-dein-gameserver-01 256
134.255.228.0/23
ROA Signed and Valid IRR InValid
DE-dein-gameserver-01 512
134.255.229.0/24
ROA Signed and Valid IRR Valid
DE-activeservers-Customer 256
134.255.230.0/24
ROA Signed and Valid IRR Valid
ITP-Solutions UG & Co. KG 256
134.255.235.0/24
ROA Signed and Valid IRR Valid
DE-machines-actserv-4netplayers-01 256
134.255.236.0/22
IRR InValid
ITP-Solutions UG & Co. KG 1024
134.255.237.0/24
ROA Signed and Valid IRR Valid
Axel Hartwig trading as delta-networks.de 256
134.255.252.0/22
ROA Signed and Valid IRR InValid
active 1 GmbH 1024
134.255.253.0/24
ROA Signed and Valid IRR Valid
fra2-gunkel-ip 256
134.255.255.0/24
ROA Signed and Valid IRR Valid
DedicatedServer 256
178.93.211.0/24
IRR InValid
JSC "Ukrtelecom" 256
185.53.249.0/24
IRR Valid
Hani Hussein trading as KernelHost 256
185.87.20.0/24
ROA Signed and Valid IRR Valid
DE-tbu-cix 256
185.87.22.0/24
ROA Signed and Valid IRR Valid
DE-papernodes-03 256
185.223.54.0/24
IRR Valid
IceNox GmbH 256
191.101.51.0/24
ROA Signed and Valid IRR Valid
Internet Utilities Europe and Asia Limited 256
193.25.201.0/24
ROA Signed and Valid IRR Valid
active 1 GmbH 256
CIDR Description IP NUMs(prefix /64)
2a02:d40:3::/48
IRR Valid
Marcel Edler trading as Optimate-Server 65536
2a05:bec0::/29
ROA Signed and Valid IRR Valid
active 1 GmbH 34359738368
2a05:bec0:53::/48
ROA Signed and Valid IRR Valid
DE-penguhosting-02 65536
2a0e:97c0:3e4::/48
ROA Signed and Valid IRR Valid
old 65536
2a10:8680::/29
IRR Valid
IceNox GmbH 34359738368
AS Description Country/Region IPv4 NUMs IPv6 NUMs IPv4 IPv6
AS5713 SAIX-NET - Telkom SA Ltd., ZA South Africa 2,186,496 17,596,481,077,248 IPv4 IPv4
AS398465 RACKDOG-LLC - Rackdog, LLC, US United States 43,008 38,923,141,120 IPv4 IPv4
AS14840 BR.Digital Provider, BR Brazil 70,656 14,010,155,008 IPv4 IPv4
AS34224 NETERRA-AS - Neterra Ltd., BG Bulgaria 37,888 4,295,032,832 IPv4 IPv4
AS37721 Virtual-Technologies-Solutions-SA - Virtual Technologies & Solutions, BF Burkina Faso 15,872 8,589,934,592 IPv4 IPv4
AS174 COGENT-174 - Cogent Communications, US United States 35,880,192 258,978,349,056 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS5398 InternetONE - Internet one SRL, CH Switzerland 19,968 38,654,705,664 IPv4 IPv4
AS47734 TELECOM-IT-SOLUTIONS-AS - Telecom IT Solutions SRL, RO Romania 256 65,536 IPv4 IPv4
AS137409 GSLNETWORKS-AS-AP - GSL Networks Pty LTD, AU Australia 97,536 94,583,324,672 IPv4 IPv4
AS559 Switch, CH Switzerland 2,184,704 176,093,790,208 IPv4 IPv4
AS3786 LGDACOM - LG DACOM Corporation, KR Republic of Korea 8,692,992 12,784,369,664 IPv4 IPv4
AS39120 CONVERGENZE-AS - Convergenze S.p.A., IT Italy 43,520 17,179,869,184 IPv4 IPv4
AS5405 INTERDOTLINK - Inter.link GmbH, DE Germany 2,048 34,359,738,368 IPv4 IPv4
AS12779 ITGATE - IT.Gate S.p.A., IT Italy 46,080 42,949,804,032 IPv4 IPv4
AS28716 RETELIT-AS - Retelit Digital Services S.p.A., IT Italy 43,520 107,374,182,400 IPv4 IPv4
AS37468 ANGOLA-CABLES - Angola Cables, AO Angola 9,216 42,949,672,960 IPv4 IPv4
AS6204 ZET-NET - INTERKVM HOST SRL, RO Romania 768 268,435,456 IPv4 IPv4
AS12586 ASGHOSTNET - GHOSTnet GmbH, DE Germany 234,752 214,748,364,800 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS20932 SIG-ST - Services Industriels de Geneve, CH Switzerland 9,472 4,294,967,296 IPv4 IPv4
AS29075 IELO - IELO-LIAZO SERVICES SAS, FR France 35,840 107,374,182,400 IPv4 IPv4
AS35625 EUROFIBER-FRANCE - Eurofiber France SAS, FR France 28,928 103,095,992,320 IPv4 IPv4
AS47692 NESSUS - Nessus GmbH, AT Austria 37,120 34,359,869,440 IPv4 IPv4
AS49544 i3Dnet - i3D.net B.V, NL Netherlands 106,240 355,679,338,496 IPv4 IPv4
AS57463 NetIX - NetIX Communications JSC, BG Bulgaria 256 0 IPv4 IPv4
AS3223 VOXILITY - Voxility LLP, GB United Kingdom 71,168 1,507,328 IPv4 IPv4
AS6939 HURRICANE - Hurricane Electric LLC, US United States 465,152 282,627,370,778,624 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS9381 HKBNES-AS-AP - HKBN Enterprise Solutions HK Limited, HK Hong Kong 444,672 8,589,934,592 IPv4 IPv4
AS48362 TKSWF-AS - Stadtwerke Feldkirch, AT Austria 7,680 4,294,967,296 IPv4 IPv4
AS1267 ASN-WINDTRE - WIND TRE S.P.A., IT Italy 6,765,312 2,233,382,993,920 IPv4 IPv4
AS35280 F5 - F5 Networks SARL, FR France 52,992 81,604,378,624 IPv4 IPv4
AS56630 MELBICOM-EU-AS - Melbikomas UAB, LT Lithuania 57,600 7,247,757,312 IPv4 IPv4
AS62275 NHM - NHM - S.R.L., IT Italy 5,376 171,798,691,840 IPv4 IPv4
AS62403 PLETX-LTD - PLETX LTD, GB United Kingdom 512 196,608 IPv4 IPv4
AS264409 GRUPO YAX, BR Brazil 2,048 589,824 IPv4 IPv4
AS7195 EDGEUNO S.A.S, CO Colombia 31,488 4,275,109,888 IPv4 IPv4
AS12552 IPO-EU - GlobalConnect AB, SE Sweden 562,688 210,454,249,472 IPv4 IPv4
AS34177 CELESTE-AS - CELESTE SAS, FR France 289,792 98,784,247,808 IPv4 IPv4
AS41327 FIBERTELECOM-AS - Fiber Telecom S.p.A., IT Italy 7,424 68,719,476,736 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS52320 GlobeNet Cabos Submarinos Colombia, S.A.S., CO Colombia 4,096 8,589,934,592 IPv4 IPv4
AS1764 NEXTLAYER-AS - Next Layer Telekommunikationsdienstleistungs- und Beratungs GmbH, AT Austria 85,760 274,878,234,624 IPv4 IPv4
AS30844 LIQUID-AS - Liquid Telecommunications Ltd, GB United Kingdom 367,872 38,654,705,664 IPv4 IPv4
AS34019 HIVANE - Hivane Association, FR France 2,816 1,245,184 IPv4 IPv4
AS51184 FONIRA - Fonira Telekom GmbH, AT Austria 13,824 111,669,542,912 IPv4 IPv4
AS56987 AS-ABACLOUDA - ABACLOUDA SAS, FR France 1,024 34,359,738,368 IPv4 IPv4
AS7713 telkomnet-as-ap - Telekomunikasi Indonesia (PT), ID Indonesia 4,280,320 12,885,032,960 IPv4 IPv4
AS9498 BBIL-AP - Bharti Airtel Limited, IN India 2,194,944 4,299,161,600 IPv4 IPv4
AS13058 serve-u-AS - serve-u - Buchholz und Suenderhauf GbR, DE Germany 2,048 34,359,738,368 IPv4 IPv4
AS49605 DTS-AS - Digital Telecommunication Services S.r.l., IT Italy 9,472 38,654,705,664 IPv4 IPv4
AS263444 Open X Tecnologia Ltda, BR Brazil 2,304 4,294,967,296 IPv4 IPv4
AS9930 TTNET-MY - TT DOTCOM SDN BHD, MY Malaysia 741,888 4,295,098,368 IPv4 IPv4
AS35360 GARGUNET - Frederic Gargula, CH Switzerland 1,024 34,359,738,368 IPv4 IPv4
AS47147 AS-ANX - ANEXIA Internetdienstleistungs GmbH, AT Austria 1,536 131,072 IPv4 IPv4
AS6663 TTI-NET - Euroweb Romania S.R.L., RO Romania 54,528 6,442,450,944 IPv4 IPv4
AS8218 NEO-ASN - Zayo Infrastructure France SA, FR France 47,360 12,884,967,424 IPv4 IPv4
AS18106 VIEWQWEST-SG-AP - Viewqwest Pte Ltd, SG Singapore 53,248 13,153,337,344 IPv4 IPv4
AS30823 AUROLOGIC - aurologic GmbH, DE Germany 10,752 210,470,174,720 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS209823 ENKI-AS - Enki Multimedia EURL, FR France 768 4,295,360,512 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS13237 LAMBDANET-AS - euNetworks GmbH, DE Germany 570,880 107,374,182,400 IPv4 IPv4
AS31510 IKB-AS - Innsbrucker Kommunalbetriebe AG, AT Austria 27,904 4,294,967,296 IPv4 IPv4
AS58511 ANYCAST-GLOBAL-BACKBONE - Anycast Holdings Pty Ltd, AU Australia 23,552 8,589,934,592 IPv4 IPv4
AS61573 Ip Telecom BR, BR Brazil 1,024 4,294,967,296 IPv4 IPv4
AS4455 BSO - IX Reach Ltd, GB United Kingdom 56,832 8,590,000,128 IPv4 IPv4
AS6057 Administracion Nacional de Telecomunicaciones, UY Uruguay 2,155,520 68,719,476,736 IPv4 IPv4
AS6695 DECIX-AS - DE-CIX Management GmbH, DE Germany 0 0 IPv4 IPv4
AS24482 SGGS-AS-AP - SG.GS, SG Singapore 20,992 4,294,967,296 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS25091 IP-Max - IP-Max SA, CH Switzerland 15,104 68,719,607,808 IPv4 IPv4
AS37100 SEACOM-AS - SEACOM Limited, MU Mauritius 1,072,896 17,179,869,184 IPv4 IPv4
AS39351 ESAB-AS - 31173 Services AB, SE Sweden 9,984 4,331,667,456 IPv4 IPv4
AS Description Country/Region IPv4 NUMs IPv6 NUMs IPv4 IPv6
AS205388 serverdiscounter - Marcel Andrew Zaiser trading as Metaliance ISP Systems e.k, DE Germany 1,792 4,294,967,296 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS213493 NYRU - NYRU Services Limited, GB United Kingdom 256 65,536 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS215090 HebergTonServ - Keskin Yavuz trading as HebergTonServ, FR France 256 0 IPv4 IPv4
AS397081 VALKYRIE-HOSTING - Valkyrie Hosting LLC, US United States 256 0 IPv4 IPv4
AS197477 NERDSCAVE - Moritz Mantel trading as Nerdscave, DE Germany 1,536 8,591,376,384 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS201222 IPBONE-AS - Frieder Mueller, DE Germany 1,536 131,072 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS211750 MC-NODE-AS - Stef Herman Anton Wolters trading as MC-Node, NL Netherlands 2,304 0 IPv4 IPv4
AS215563 Luke-IT - Lukas Buttler trading as Luke IT consulting, DE Germany 512 4,328,587,264 IPv4 IPv4
AS215595 SPARKTECH - SparkTech LTD, US United States 15,872 0 IPv4 IPv4
AS216431 Hostpost-Hungary - Doczi Roland e.v., HU Hungary 256 0 IPv4 IPv4
AS8649 Webtraffic - ZeXoTeK IT-Services GmbH, DE Germany 9,984 0 IPv4 IPv4
AS48014 AlbHost - Albanian Hosting SH.P.K., AL Albania 2,304 47,244,640,256 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS59752 JPRU-AS - JPRU Services & Consulting GmbH, DE Germany 4,352 4,294,967,296 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS197641 INNOFINITY - Innofinity GmbH, DE Germany 1,024 34,359,738,368 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS208183 ROOTUNDGUESTIG - Internetmanufaktur Karlsruhe UG (haftungsbeschraenkt), DE Germany 1,024 4,294,967,296 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS213495 SERVITRO-LTD - SERVITRO LTD, GB United Kingdom 1,024 65,536 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS214059 AcehostOnline - Mahmoud Saber Ahmed Abdalla Youssef, KW Kuwait 256 0 IPv4 IPv4
AS206016 PaperNodes - PaperNodes LTD, GB United Kingdom 0 131,072 IPv6 IPv6
AS6939 HURRICANE - Hurricane Electric LLC, US United States 465,152 282,627,370,778,624 IPv4 IPv4
AS34933 IPSGRP-AS - Aleksandr Tatarets, UA Ukraine 1,024 0 IPv4 IPv4
AS212586 FLIXHOST-FRA1 - FlixHost GmbH, DE Germany 256 0 IPv4 IPv4
AS214556 VEXURA - Vexura UG (Haftungsbeschraenkt), DE Germany 256 1,310,720 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS200950 CalibourNetwork - Lyratris Limited, GB United Kingdom 1,792 3,145,728 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS212168 TSME - 36media GmbH, DE Germany 256 4,294,967,296 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6

Peers at this Exchange Point

Country/Region IX IPv4 IPv6 Port Speed Updated
Germany LOCIX FRANKFURT - LOCIX EXCHANGE FRANKFURT 185.1.166.71 2001:7f8:f2:e1:0:19:7071:1 10 Gbps 2024-06-05 08:29:38
Netherlands GNM-IX - GNM Internet Exchange 178.18.236.192 2a03:5f80:4:2::236:192 400 Gbps 2025-01-24 00:34:59
Germany KleyReX - KleyReX Internet Exchange 193.189.82.163 2001:7f8:33::a119:7071:1 1 Gbps 2025-05-22 00:23:47
Germany DE-CIX Frankfurt - DE-CIX Frankfurt 80.81.194.128 2001:7f8::3:1cf:0:1 20 Gbps 2023-08-17 08:00:01

Private Peering Facilities

Country/Region Name City Website Updated
Digital Realty Frankfurt FRA1-16 Frankfurt https://www.digitalrealty.com/data-centers/frankfurt/gip-park-area-frankfurt-am-main-germany-1 2019-05-10 07:26:25
iNTERWERK Rechenzentrum Frankfurt https://www.interwerk.de 2025-06-13 17:27:31
Digital Realty Frankfurt FRA29-32 Frankfurt https://www.digitalrealty.com/data-centers/frankfurt/wilhelm-fay-strasse-65936-frankfurt-am-main-deutschland 2025-06-13 17:27:00
as-block:       AS196608 - AS197840
descr:          RIPE NCC ASN block
remarks:        These AS Numbers are assigned to network operators in the RIPE NCC service region.
mnt-by:         RIPE-NCC-HM-MNT
created:        2024-09-04T14:04:38Z
last-modified:  2024-09-04T14:04:38Z
source:         RIPE



aut-num:        AS197071
as-name:        ACTIVE-SERVERS
descr:          active-servers.com
descr:          active 1 GmbH
org:            ORG-AG307-RIPE
import:         from AS31142 accept ANY
export:         to AS31142 announce ANY
import:         from AS56876 accept ANY
export:         to AS56876 announce ANY
import:         from AS6695 accept ANY
export:         to AS6695 announce ANY
import:         from AS12586 accept ANY
export:         to AS12586 announce ANY
import:         from AS6939 accept ANY
export:         to AS6939 announce ANY
remarks:        ----------------------------------------------------
import:         from AS35042 accept AS35042
export:         to AS35042 announce ANY
import:         from AS30823 accept AS-COMBAHTON
export:         to AS30823 announce ANY
export:         to AS201206 announce ANY
import:         from AS201222 accept AS201222
export:         to AS201222 announce ANY
import:         from AS203854 accept AS203854
export:         to AS203854 announce ANY
import:         from AS204035 accept ANY
export:         to AS204035 announce ANY
import:         from AS200615 accept ANY
export:         to AS200615 announce ANY
import:         from AS197890 accept ANY
export:         to AS197890 announce ANY
import:         from AS8649 accept ANY
export:         to AS8649 announce ANY
import:         from AS49697 accept ANY
export:         to AS49697 announce ANY
import:         from AS208393 accept ANY
export:         to AS208393 announce ANY
export:         to AS35657 announce ANY
import:         from AS35657 accept ANY
export:         to AS212586 announce ANY
import:         from AS212586 accept ANY
export:         to AS212864 announce ANY
import:         from AS212864 accept ANY
export:         to AS396998 announce ANY
import:         from AS396998 accept AS-PATH
admin-c:        AA35565-RIPE
tech-c:         AA35565-RIPE
status:         ASSIGNED
mnt-by:         RIPE-NCC-END-MNT
mnt-by:         ACTIVE-MNT
created:        2010-05-19T10:09:20Z
last-modified:  2023-08-01T14:37:15Z
source:         RIPE

organisation:   ORG-AG307-RIPE
org-name:       active 1 GmbH
country:        DE
org-type:       LIR
address:        Kritenbarg 66
address:        22391
address:        Hamburg
address:        GERMANY
phone:          +4940228 177 150
e-mail:         support@active-servers.com
admin-c:        AA35565-RIPE
tech-c:         AA35565-RIPE
abuse-c:        AR57350-RIPE
mnt-ref:        ACTIVE-MNT
mnt-by:         RIPE-NCC-HM-MNT
mnt-by:         ACTIVE-MNT
created:        2020-01-03T15:25:35Z
last-modified:  2020-12-16T13:41:24Z
source:         RIPE

role:           active 1 GmbH
address:        Kritenbarg 66
address:        22391
address:        Hamburg
address:        GERMANY
phone:          +4940228 177 150
e-mail:         support@active-servers.com
nic-hdl:        AA35565-RIPE
mnt-by:         ACTIVE-MNT
created:        2020-01-03T15:25:35Z
last-modified:  2020-01-03T15:49:51Z
source:         RIPE