AS31059 - AVELACOM-AS - Avelacom Business Ltd., RU

AS Description Country/Region IPv4 NUMs IPv6 NUMs IPv4 IPv6
AS18106 VIEWQWEST-SG-AP - Viewqwest Pte Ltd, SG Singapore 53,248 13,153,337,344 IPv4 IPv4
AS140951 IPTP - IPTP LIMITED, HK Hong Kong 9,984 4,630,511,616 IPv4 IPv4
AS4657 STARHUB-INTERNET - Starhub Ltd., SG Singapore 617,728 17,179,869,184 IPv4 IPv4
AS8359 MTS - MTS PJSC, RU Russian Federation 1,655,296 123,497,152,512 IPv4 IPv4
AS202984 team-host - Chernyshov Aleksandr Aleksandrovich, RU Russian Federation 7,168 68,719,869,952 IPv4 IPv4
AS137409 GSLNETWORKS-AS-AP - GSL Networks Pty LTD, AU Australia 97,024 98,878,226,432 IPv4 IPv4
AS1299 TWELVE99 - Arelion Sweden AB, SE Sweden 247,808 111,686,451,200 IPv4 IPv4
AS3257 GTT-BACKBONE - GTT Communications Inc., US United States 8,553,984 450,972,680,192 IPv4 IPv4
AS6939 HURRICANE - Hurricane Electric LLC, US United States 465,152 282,627,370,778,624 IPv4 IPv4
AS41095 IPTP - IPTP LTD, GB United Kingdom 43,776 5,351,931,904 IPv4 IPv4
AS174 COGENT-174 - Cogent Communications, US United States 35,877,376 258,978,414,592 IPv4 IPv4
AS3223 VOXILITY - Voxility LLP, GB United Kingdom 71,168 1,507,328 IPv4 IPv4
AS132337 ANSPL-AS-AP - AXCLUSIVE PTE. LTD., SG Singapore 8,448 4,294,967,296 IPv4 IPv4
AS Description Country/Region IPv4 NUMs IPv6 NUMs IPv4 IPv6
AS208783 SIA-Avelacom - SIA "AVELACOM", LV Latvia 1,280 0 IPv4 IPv4
AS215182 Avelacom-Business - Avelacom Business Ltd., RU Russian Federation 7,680 0 IPv4 IPv4

Peers at this Exchange Point

Country/Region IX IPv4 IPv6 Port Speed Updated
Russian Federation MSK-IX Moscow - MSK-IX Moscow 195.208.209.50 2001:7f8:20:101::209:50 10 Gbps 2018-02-14 12:35:33
United Kingdom LINX LON1 - London Internet Exchange Ltd. 195.66.226.66 2001:7f8:4::7953:1 2 Gbps 2022-04-27 20:48:50
Germany DE-CIX Frankfurt - DE-CIX Frankfurt 80.81.193.30 2001:7f8::7953:0:1 1 Gbps 2018-06-01 00:20:40

Private Peering Facilities

Country/Region Name City Website Updated
Equinix CH1/CH2/CH4 - Chicago Chicago http://www.equinix.com/ 2019-12-03 13:19:06
Digital Realty NYC (111 8th Ave) New York https://www.digitalrealty.com 2016-03-14 20:46:24
CoreSite - Los Angeles (LA1) One Wilshire Los Angeles http://www.coresite.com 2019-12-03 13:09:58
Equinix NY2/NY4/NY5/NY6 - New York, Secaucus Secaucus https://www.equinix.com/locations/americas-colocation/united-states-colocation/new-york-data-centers/ 2018-02-14 12:26:34
Digital Realty London LON1-3 London https://www.digitalrealty.com/data-centers/london/11-hanbury-st-london-united-kingdom 2016-03-14 21:49:57
Equinix FR5 - Frankfurt, KleyerStrasse Frankfurt https://www.equinix.com/locations/germany-colocation/frankfurt-data-centers/fr5/ 2016-03-14 20:31:01
Moscow M9 Moscow http://www.mmts9.ru 2016-03-14 20:53:42
Equinix SK1 - Stockholm, Bromma Stockholm https://www.equinix.com/locations/europe-colocation/sweden-colocation/stockholm-data-centers/sk1/ 2016-03-14 20:53:42
Equinix HK1 - Hong Kong Tsuen Wan https://www.equinix.com/locations/asia-colocation/hong-kong-colocation/hong-kong-data-center/hk1/ 2025-07-15 04:53:18
Digital Realty Dublin DUB1-2 Dublin https://www.digitalrealty.com/data-centers/dublin/unit-35-lavery-avenue-parkwest-dublin-ireland 2019-12-03 13:22:09
MEGA-i (iAdvantage Hong Kong) Hong Kong http://www.iadvantage.net/ 2019-12-03 13:21:00
Digital Realty Marseille MRS1-3 Marseille https://www.interxion.com/ 2016-03-14 20:34:26
Equinix SG1 - Singapore Singapore https://www.equinix.com/locations/singapore-colocation/singapore-data-center/sg1/ 2019-12-03 13:05:39
Linxdatacenter (Moscow) Moscow http://www.linxdatacenter.com 2016-03-11 07:22:29
NewTelco Kiev Kiev http://www.newtelco.ua/ 2019-12-03 13:23:25
Global Switch Singapore Singapore http://www.globalswitch.com 2019-12-03 13:07:12
Equinix LD4 - London, Slough Slough http://www.equinix.com/ 2018-08-17 08:41:13
Equinix TY2 - Tokyo Tokyo https://www.equinix.com/locations/asia-colocation/japan-colocation/tokyo-data-centers/ty2/ 2018-02-14 12:27:09
Equinix FR2 - Frankfurt, North Frankfurt https://www.equinix.com/locations/germany-colocation/frankfurt-data-centers/fr2/ 2016-03-14 20:44:25
LIM Warsaw Warsaw https://www.limdc.pl/ 2019-12-03 13:15:02
Moscow M10 Moscow https://www.company.rt.ru/en/ 2016-03-14 20:53:42
TATA Communications Mumbai Mumbai http://www.tatacommunications.com 2016-03-14 20:57:10
TELEPOINT Sofia Centre Sofia https://www.telepoint.bg/ 2019-12-03 13:24:54
AT TOKYO (CC1/CC2) Tokyo https://www.attokyo.co.jp 2018-02-14 12:27:17
Telia Telehouse KJJ Tallinn https://www.telia.ee/ari/it-teenused/serverid-ja-pilv/seadmemajutus 2016-03-11 07:22:29
NewTelco Frankfurt Frankfurt http://www.newtelco.de/en 2016-03-14 20:53:42
Equinix LD5 - London, Slough Slough http://www.equinix.com 2016-03-11 07:22:28
IVC ORW Saint-Petersburg St. Petersburg http://ozd.rzd.ru/ 2021-09-28 01:08:41
Teraco Johannesburg Campus, South Africa Johannesburg http://www.teraco.co.za 2018-08-17 08:38:43
Raduga-2 St. Petersburg http://raduga-2.ru/ 2018-08-17 08:46:38
Stack.M1 Moscow http://www.stack.net/ 2016-03-14 20:53:42
Equinix TY3 - Tokyo Tokyo https://www.equinix.com/locations/asia-colocation/japan-colocation/tokyo-data-centers/ty3/ 2018-08-17 08:38:22
IXcellerate MOS1 Moscow https://www.ixcellerate.com/data-centers/moscow-north-campus/#mos1 2018-02-14 12:34:35
Equinix DX1 - Dubai Dubai https://www.equinix.com/data-centers/europe-colocation/united-arab-emirates-colocation/dubai-data-centers/dx1 2018-02-14 12:29:33
Nebula Oy Lauttasaari Helsinki http://www.nebula.fi 2016-03-14 20:57:10
DataSpace Moscow Moscow http://www.dataspace.ru 2018-02-14 12:30:21
ATMAN Data Center Warsaw-1 (WAW-1, Grochowska 21A) Warsaw https://atman.pl 2019-12-03 13:10:48
DataLine Moscow DC OST Moscow http://www.dtln.ru/en/contacts/ost 2018-06-13 10:45:22
DataLine Moscow DC NORD Moscow http://www.dtln.ru/en/contacts/nord 2018-02-14 12:32:21
CyrusOne Aurora I Aurora http://www.cyrusone.com/data-center-location/illinois/chicago-aurora-i/ 2018-02-14 12:26:09 
as-block:       AS31000 - AS31064
descr:          RIPE NCC ASN block
remarks:        These AS Numbers are assigned to network operators in the RIPE NCC service region.
mnt-by:         RIPE-NCC-HM-MNT
created:        2018-11-22T15:27:33Z
last-modified:  2018-11-22T15:27:33Z
source:         RIPE



aut-num:        AS31059
as-name:        AVELACOM-AS
org:            ORG-ABL23-RIPE
remarks:        ==================
remarks:        | IPv4 Upstreams |
remarks:        ==================
import:         from AS8359 action pref=60; accept ANY
export:         to AS8359 announce AS-AVELACOM
import:         from AS174 action pref=60; accept ANY
export:         to AS174 announce AS-AVELACOM
import:         from AS3257 action pref=60; accept ANY
export:         to AS3257 announce AS-AVELACOM
import:         from AS1299 action pref=60; accept ANY
export:         to AS1299 announce AS-AVELACOM
import:         from AS202984 action pref=60; accept ANY
export:         to AS202984 announce AS-AVELACOM
import:         from AS3223 action pref=60; accept ANY
export:         to AS3223 announce AS-AVELACOM
import:         from AS41095 action pref=60; accept ANY
export:         to AS41095 announce AS-AVELACOM
import:         from AS10099 action pref=60; accept ANY
export:         to AS10099 announce AS-AVELACOM
import:         from AS4657 action pref=60; accept ANY
export:         to AS4657 announce AS-AVELACOM
remarks:        =============================
remarks:        | IPv4 Public Route Servers |
remarks:        =============================
import:         from AS43690 action pref=90; accept ANY
export:         to AS43690 announce AS-AVELACOM
import:         from AS8631 action pref=90; accept ANY
export:         to AS8631 announce AS-AVELACOM
import:         from AS6695 action pref=80; accept ANY
export:         to AS6695 announce AS-AVELACOM
import:         from AS8714 action pref=80; accept ANY
export:         to AS8714 announce AS-AVELACOM
import:         from AS50952 action pref=90; accept ANY
export:         to AS50952 announce AS-AVELACOM
import:         from AS56931 action pref=80; accept ANY
export:         to AS56931 announce AS-AVELACOM
remarks:        ========================
remarks:        | IPv4 Private Peering |
remarks:        ========================
import:         from AS16509 action pref=90; accept ANY
export:         to AS16509 announce AS-AVELACOM
import:         from AS1836 action pref=90; accept ANY
export:         to AS1836 announce AS-AVELACOM
import:         from AS132203 action pref=90; accept ANY
export:         to AS132203 announce AS-AVELACOM
import:         from AS16276 action pref=90; accept ANY
export:         to AS16276 announce AS-AVELACOM
import:         from AS48237 action pref=90; accept ANY
export:         to AS48237 announce AS-AVELACOM
import:         from AS3267 action pref=100; accept AS-RUNNET
export:         to AS3267 announce AS-AVELACOM
import:         from AS41842 action pref=100; accept AS-MEDIAL
export:         to AS41842 announce AS-AVELACOM
import:         from AS8470 action pref=100; accept AS-MACOMNET
export:         to AS8470 announce AS-AVELACOM
import:         from AS6939 action pref=100; accept AS-HURRICANE
export:         to AS6939 announce AS-AVELACOM
import:         from AS8365 action pref=100; accept AS-MANDA
export:         to AS8365 announce AS-AVELACOM
import:         from AS32934 action pref=100; accept AS-FACEBOOK
export:         to AS32934 announce AS-AVELACOM
import:         from AS5459 action pref=100; accept AS5459
export:         to AS5459 announce AS-AVELACOM
import:         from AS15133 action pref=100; accept AS-EDGECAST
export:         to AS15133 announce AS-AVELACOM
import:         from AS21371 action pref=100; accept AS-EQUINIX-EU
export:         to AS21371 announce AS-AVELACOM
import:         from AS13285 action pref=100; accept AS-OPAL
export:         to AS13285 announce AS-AVELACOM
import:         from AS41230 action pref=100; accept AS-ASK4
export:         to AS41230 announce AS-AVELACOM
import:         from AS20940 action pref=100; accept AS-AKAMAI
export:         to AS20940 announce AS-AVELACOM
import:         from AS48061 action pref=110; accept AS48061
export:         to AS48061 announce AS-AVELACOM
import:         from AS3223 action pref=100; accept AS3223
export:         to AS3223 announce AS-AVELACOM
import:         from AS12350 action pref=100; accept AS-VTX
export:         to AS12350 announce AS-AVELACOM
import:         from AS6507 action pref=100; accept AS6507
export:         to AS6507 announce AS-AVELACOM
import:         from AS18106 action pref=100; accept AS18106
export:         to AS18106 announce AS-AVELACOM
import:         from AS714 action pref=100; accept AS714
export:         to AS714 announce AS-AVELACOM
import:         from AS14413 action pref=100; accept AS-LINKEDIN
export:         to AS14413 announce AS-AVELACOM
import:         from AS61955 action pref=100; accept AS-COLOCATIONIX
export:         to AS61955 announce AS-AVELACOM
import:         from AS3856 action pref=100; accept AS-PCH
export:         to AS3856 announce AS-AVELACOM
import:         from AS42 action pref=100; accept AS-PCH
export:         to AS42 announce AS-AVELACOM
import:         from AS13335 action pref=100; accept AS13335
export:         to AS13335 announce AS-AVELACOM
import:         from AS38082 action pref=100; accept AS38082
export:         to AS38082 announce AS-AVELACOM
import:         from AS37662 action pref=100; accept AS-WIOCC
export:         to AS37662 announce AS-AVELACOM
import:         from AS21859 action pref=100; accept AS21859
export:         to AS21859 announce AS-AVELACOM
import:         from AS13335 action pref=100; accept AS-CLOUDFLARE
export:         to AS13335 announce AS-AVELACOM
import:         from AS8075 action pref=100; accept AS-MICROSOFT
export:         to AS8075 announce AS-AVELACOM
import:         from AS57724 action pref=100; accept AS-DDOS-GUARD
export:         to AS57724 announce AS-AVELACOM
import:         from AS35598 action pref=100; accept AS35598
export:         to AS35598 announce AS-AVELACOM
import:         from AS203784 action pref=100; accept AS203784
export:         to AS203784 announce AS-AVELACOM
import:         from AS25355 action pref=100; accept AS25355
export:         to AS25355 announce AS-AVELACOM
import:         from AS2895 action pref=100; accept AS2895
export:         to AS2895 announce AS-AVELACOM
import:         from AS34456 action pref=100; accept AS-RCPEERS
export:         to AS34456 announce AS-AVELACOM
import:         from AS196750 action pref=100; accept AS196750
export:         to AS196750 announce AS-AVELACOM
import:         from AS20985 action pref=100; accept AS20985
export:         to AS20985 announce AS-AVELACOM
import:         from AS215182 action pref=100; accept AS215182:AS-AVELACOM-BUSINESS
export:         to AS215182 announce AS-AVELACOM
remarks:        ====================
remarks:        | IPv4 Downstreams |
remarks:        ====================
import:         from AS57940 action pref=100; accept AS57940
export:         to AS57940 announce ANY
import:         from AS28734 action pref=100; accept AS28734
export:         to AS28734 announce ANY
import:         from AS31225 action pref=100; accept AS31225
export:         to AS31225 announce ANY
import:         from AS208783 action pref=100; accept AS208783
export:         to AS208783 announce ANY
import:         from AS35021 action pref=100; accept AS35021
export:         to AS35021 announce ANY
import:         from AS200694 action pref=100; accept AS200694
export:         to AS200694 announce ANY
import:         from AS216290 action pref=100; accept AS216290
export:         to AS216290 announce ANY
remarks:        ==================
remarks:        | IPv6 Upstreams |
remarks:        ==================
mp-import:      afi ipv6.unicast from AS9002 action pref=90; accept ANY
mp-export:      afi ipv6.unicast to AS9002 announce AS-AVELACOM6
mp-import:      afi ipv6.unicast from AS3356 action pref=90; accept ANY
mp-export:      afi ipv6.unicast to AS3356 announce AS-AVELACOM6
remarks:        =============================
remarks:        | IPv6 Public Route Servers |
remarks:        =============================
mp-import:      afi ipv6.unicast from AS8631 action pref=90; accept ANY
mp-export:      afi ipv6.unicast to AS8631 announce AS-AVELACOM6
mp-import:      afi ipv6.unicast from AS6695 action pref=90; accept ANY
mp-export:      afi ipv6.unicast to AS6695 announce AS-AVELACOM6
mp-import:      afi ipv6.unicast from AS8714 action pref=90; accept ANY
mp-export:      afi ipv6.unicast to AS8714 announce AS-AVELACOM6
mp-import:      afi ipv6.unicast from AS52005 action pref=80; accept ANY
mp-export:      afi ipv6.unicast to AS52005 announce AS-AVELACOM6
remarks:        ========================
remarks:        | IPv6 Private Peering |
remarks:        ========================
mp-import:      afi ipv6.unicast from AS6939 action pref=100; accept AS-HURRICANE
mp-export:      afi ipv6.unicast to AS6939 announce AS-AVELACOM6
mp-import:      afi ipv6.unicast from AS1836 action pref=100; accept AS-HURRICANE
mp-export:      afi ipv6.unicast to AS1836 announce AS-AVELACOM6
mp-import:      afi ipv6.unicast from AS48237 action pref=100; accept AS-HURRICANE
mp-export:      afi ipv6.unicast to AS48237 announce AS-AVELACOM6
mp-import:      afi ipv6.unicast from AS8365 action pref=100; accept AS-MANDA
mp-export:      afi ipv6.unicast to AS8365 announce AS-AVELACOM6
mp-import:      afi ipv6.unicast from AS32934 action pref=100; accept AS-FACEBOOK
mp-export:      afi ipv6.unicast to AS32934 announce AS-AVELACOM6
mp-import:      afi ipv6.unicast from AS5459 action pref=100; accept AS5459
mp-export:      afi ipv6.unicast to AS5459 announce AS-AVELACOM6
mp-import:      afi ipv6.unicast from AS15133 action pref=100; accept AS-EDGECAST
mp-export:      afi ipv6.unicast to AS15133 announce AS-AVELACOM6
mp-import:      afi ipv6.unicast from AS21371 action pref=100; accept AS-EQUINIX-EU
mp-export:      afi ipv6.unicast to AS21371 announce AS-AVELACOM6
mp-import:      afi ipv6.unicast from AS50056 action pref=100; accept AS-ADVANTAGE
mp-export:      afi ipv6.unicast to AS50056 announce AS-AVELACOM6
mp-import:      afi ipv6.unicast from AS44654 action pref=100; accept AS-MNS
mp-export:      afi ipv6.unicast to AS44654 announce AS-AVELACOM6
mp-import:      afi ipv6.unicast from AS13285 action pref=100; accept AS-OPAL
mp-export:      afi ipv6.unicast to AS13285 announce AS-AVELACOM6
mp-import:      afi ipv6.unicast from AS42473 action pref=100; accept AS-ANEXIA
mp-export:      afi ipv6.unicast to AS42473 announce AS-AVELACOM6
mp-import:      afi ipv6.unicast from AS2484 action pref=100; accept AS-AFNIC
mp-export:      afi ipv6.unicast to AS2484 announce AS-AVELACOM6
mp-import:      afi ipv6.unicast from AS41692 action pref=100; accept AS-OPENCARRIER6
mp-export:      afi ipv6.unicast to AS41692 announce AS-AVELACOM6
mp-import:      afi ipv6.unicast from AS20940 action pref=100; accept AS-AKAMAI
mp-export:      afi ipv6.unicast to AS20940 announce AS-AVELACOM6
mp-import:      afi ipv6.unicast from AS18106 action pref=100; accept AS18106
mp-export:      afi ipv6.unicast to AS18106 announce AS-AVELACOM6
mp-import:      afi ipv6.unicast from AS714 action pref=100; accept AS714
mp-export:      afi ipv6.unicast to AS714 announce AS-AVELACOM6
mp-import:      afi ipv6.unicast from AS14413 action pref=100; accept AS-LINKEDIN
mp-export:      afi ipv6.unicast to AS14413 announce AS-AVELACOM6
mp-import:      afi ipv6.unicast from AS42 action pref=100; accept AS-PCH
mp-export:      afi ipv6.unicast to AS42 announce AS-AVELACOM6
mp-import:      afi ipv6.unicast from AS13335 action pref=100; accept AS13335
mp-export:      afi ipv6.unicast to AS13335 announce AS-AVELACOM6
mp-import:      afi ipv6.unicast from AS38082 action pref=100; accept AS38082
mp-export:      afi ipv6.unicast to AS38082 announce AS-AVELACOM6
mp-import:      afi ipv6.unicast from AS37662 action pref=100; accept AS-WIOCC
mp-export:      afi ipv6.unicast to AS37662 announce AS-AVELACOM6
mp-import:      afi ipv6.unicast from AS8075 action pref=100; accept AS-MICROSOFT
mp-export:      afi ipv6.unicast to AS8075 announce AS-AVELACOM6
remarks:        ---------------------------------------------------------------
remarks:        *********** BGP communities accepted from downstream **********
remarks:        ---------------------------------------------------------------
remarks:        31059:200x Retn Upstream
remarks:        31059:201x MTU Upstream
remarks:        31059:206x Cogent Upstream
remarks:        31059:202x MSK-IX Peering
remarks:        31059:203x DATA-IX Peering
remarks:        31059:204x SPB-IX Peering
remarks:        31059:207x DE-CIX Peering
remarks:        31059:208x LINX Peering
remarks:        31059:211x Netnod Peering
remarks:        31059:205x Media Peering
remarks:        31059:210x RuTube Peering
remarks:        31059:209x Filanko Peering
remarks:        31059:2997 all peers
remarks:        31059:2998 all upstreams
remarks:        31059:2999 all upstreams and peers
remarks:        ...x=0 - do not advertise
remarks:        ...x=1,2,4 - prepend 1,2,4 times
remarks:        Other communities in range 31059:2000-31059:2999 are accepted
remarks:        but ignored.
remarks:        Other *:* communities are deleted.
remarks:        Internal communities are assigned only internally.
remarks:        They are in range 31059:1000-31059:1999
remarks:        They may be used by peers to filter some prefixes.
remarks:        Community Meaning
remarks:        31059:1001 RETN
remarks:        31059:1002 MTU
remarks:        31059:1003 DATA-IX
remarks:        31059:1004 MSK-IX
remarks:        31059:1006 SPB-IX
remarks:        31059:1007 Media
remarks:        31059:1013 GTT
remarks:        31059:1018 Cogent
remarks:        31059:1019 DE-CIX
remarks:        31059:1020 LINX
remarks:        31059:1022 Filanko
remarks:        31059:1023 RuTube
remarks:        31059:1033 EurasiaIX
remarks:        31059:1034 IPTP
remarks:        31059:1035 Telia
admin-c:        AI280-RIPE
tech-c:         AI280-RIPE
tech-c:         IK1778-RIPE
status:         ASSIGNED
mnt-by:         AVELACOM_LTD-MNT
mnt-by:         RIPE-NCC-END-MNT
created:        2004-02-17T10:10:07Z
last-modified:  2025-06-06T09:27:22Z
source:         RIPE

organisation:   ORG-ABL23-RIPE
org-name:       Avelacom Business Ltd.
country:        RU
org-type:       LIR
address:        Leningradskoe sh. 39/7
address:        125212
address:        Moscow
address:        RUSSIAN FEDERATION
phone:          +74957770301
e-mail:         office@avelacom.ru
admin-c:        NC5376-RIPE
tech-c:         NC5376-RIPE
abuse-c:        AR60379-RIPE
mnt-by:         RIPE-NCC-HM-MNT
mnt-by:         AVELACOM_LTD-MNT
created:        2020-05-20T08:24:38Z
last-modified:  2022-02-18T04:50:36Z
source:         RIPE
mnt-ref:        AVELACOM_LTD-MNT

person:         Andrey Petrov
address:        Leningradskoe sh39s7
address:        Moscow
address:        Russia
phone:          +7495770301
e-mail:         a.petrov@avelacom.ru
nic-hdl:        AI280-RIPE
mnt-by:         AVELACOM_LTD-MNT
created:        2009-08-05T12:22:19Z
last-modified:  2022-06-16T07:34:39Z
source:         RIPE

person:         Ilya Kudryavtsev
address:        Leningradskoe sh. 39s7
address:        Moscow
address:        Russia
phone:          +74957770301
e-mail:         i.kudryavtsev@avelacom.ru
mnt-by:         AVELACOM_LTD-MNT
nic-hdl:        IK1778-RIPE
created:        2011-10-28T09:06:37Z
last-modified:  2022-06-16T07:35:45Z
source:         RIPE