AS Number
AS20647
AS Name
IPB
Org Name
IPB Internet Provider in Berlin GmbH
Country / Region
Germany
Registry

ripe

RegDate

Updated

2018-11-22T15:27:27Z

AS20647 Looking Glass
IPv4Prefixes

9

IPv6Prefixes

4

IPv4 NUMs

14,848

IPv6 NUMs(/64)

8,590,000,128

14,848 IPv4 Addresses
CIDR Description IP Num
2.57.160.0/22
ROA Signed and Valid IRR Valid
ESW David Beteiligungsgesellschaft mbH 1024
91.102.8.0/21
ROA Signed and Valid IRR Valid
IPB Internet Provider in Berlin GmbH 2048
91.102.11.128/28
IRR Parent Valid
IPB Internet Provider in Berlin GmbH 16
91.233.84.0/22
IRR Valid
Roger Mayer 1024
185.27.156.0/22
ROA Signed and Valid IRR Valid
IPB Internet Provider in Berlin GmbH 1024
185.231.124.0/22
ROA Signed and Valid IRR Valid
dotplex GmbH 1024
193.178.163.0/24
IRR Valid
Bedinetz GmbH 256
194.29.224.0/19
ROA Signed and Valid IRR Valid
IPB Internet Provider in Berlin GmbH 8192
195.20.159.0/24
IRR Valid
itk Group GmbH 256
CIDR Description IP NUMs(prefix /64)
2001:67c:2818::/48
IRR InValid
Presse und Informationsamt der Bundesregierung 65536
2a02:f28::/32
ROA Signed and Valid IRR Valid
IPB Internet Provider in Berlin GmbH 4294967296
2a02:f28:3::/56
IRR Parent Valid
IPB-CUST-V6 256
2a0c:5f00::/32
ROA Signed and Valid IRR Valid
dotplex GmbH 4294967296
AS Description Country / Region IPv4 NUMs IPv6 NUMs IPv4 IPv6
AS37721 Virtual-Technologies-Solutions-SA - Virtual Technologies & Solutions, BF Burkina Faso 15,872 4,294,967,296 IPv4 IPv4
AS47692 NESSUS - Nessus GmbH, AT Austria 35,328 34,359,869,440 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS47734 TELECOM-IT-SOLUTIONS-AS - Telecom IT Solutions SRL, RO Romania 256 65,536 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS63927 RISE-HK - RISE ASIA TECHNOLOGY LIMITED, HK Hong Kong 2,304 141,733,920,768 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS15547 NETPLUS - netplus.ch SA, CH Switzerland 134,144 42,949,672,960 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS17557 PKTELECOM-AS-PK - Pakistan Telecommuication company limited, PK Pakistan 3,855,448 4,295,032,832 IPv4 IPv4
AS35360 GARGUNET - Frederic Gargula, CH Switzerland 1,024 34,359,738,368 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS37100 SEACOM-AS - SEACOM Limited, MU Mauritius 1,072,896 12,884,901,888 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS8220 COLT - COLT Technology Services Group Limited, GB United Kingdom 1,365,504 25,770,721,280 IPv4 IPv4
AS56987 AS-ABACLOUDA - ABACLOUDA SAS, FR France 1,024 34,359,738,368 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS61568 ALOO TELECOM - FSF TECNOLOGIA SA, BR Brazil 15,872 4,294,967,296 IPv4 IPv4
AS34927 iFog-GmbH - iFog GmbH, CH Switzerland 4,608 192,872,448 IPv6 IPv6
AS60171 AFRIX-AS - AFR-IX TELECOM SAU, ES Spain 12,800 38,654,705,664 IPv4 IPv4
AS61135 COMNET-DATACENTER-ISTANBUL - COMNET BILGI ILETISIM TEKNOLOJILERI TICARET A.S., TR Turkey 7,424 262,144 IPv4 IPv4
AS3399 OBE-NET - Obenetwork AB, SE Sweden 14,336 38,654,771,200 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS8218 NEO-ASN - Zayo Infrastructure France SA, FR France 47,360 12,884,967,424 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS36351 SOFTLAYER - SoftLayer Technologies Inc., US United States 4,158,208 5,291,507,712 IPv4 IPv4
AS37468 ANGOLA-CABLES - Angola Cables, AO Angola 8,192 42,949,672,960 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS3356 LEVEL3 - Level 3 Parent, LLC, US United States 29,894,232 77,329,530,880 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS13237 LAMBDANET-AS - euNetworks GmbH, DE Germany 572,160 111,669,149,696 IPv4 IPv4
AS34019 HIVANE - Hivane Association, FR France 2,816 1,245,184 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS52320 GlobeNet Cabos Submarinos Colombia, S.A.S., CO Colombia 4,096 8,589,934,592 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS57344 TELEHOUSE-AS - Telehouse EAD, BG Bulgaria 25,088 4,294,967,296 IPv4 IPv4
AS263009 FORTE TELECOM LTDA., BR Brazil 3,072 4,294,967,296 IPv4 IPv4
AS49605 DTS-AS - Digital Telecommunication Services S.r.l., IT Italy 9,472 38,654,705,664 IPv4 IPv4
AS62275 NHM - NHM - S.R.L., IT Italy 5,376 171,798,691,840 IPv4 IPv4
AS213241 TECHIT - TECHIT.BE SRL, BE Belgium 3,584 131,072 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS271253 LINK BRASIL TELECOMUNICACOES LTDA, BR Brazil 4,096 352,714,752 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS13058 serve-u-AS - serve-u - Buchholz und Suenderhauf GbR, DE Germany 1,792 34,359,738,368 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS34224 NETERRA-AS - Neterra Ltd., BG Bulgaria 42,752 4,294,967,296 IPv4 IPv4
AS45352 IPSERVERONE-AS-AP - IP ServerOne Solutions Sdn Bhd, MY Malaysia 39,424 4,027,711,488 IPv4 IPv4
AS47147 AS-ANX - ANEXIA Internetdienstleistungs GmbH, AT Austria 1,536 262,144 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS28329 Megatelecom Telecomunicacoes Ltda, BR Brazil 45,056 2,734,686,208 IPv6 IPv6
AS5713 SAIX-NET - Telkom SA Ltd., ZA South Africa 1,990,144 17,596,481,077,248 IPv4 IPv4
AS47160 MOJI - MOJI SAS, FR France 5,632 34,376,515,584 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS58511 ANYCAST-GLOBAL-BACKBONE - Anycast Holdings Pty Ltd, AU Australia 23,552 8,589,934,592 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS1764 NEXTLAYER-AS - Next Layer Telekommunikationsdienstleistungs- und Beratungs GmbH, AT Austria 87,296 274,878,169,088 IPv6 IPv6
AS9498 BBIL-AP - Bharti Airtel Limited, IN India 2,095,872 4,299,161,600 IPv6 IPv6
AS6939 HURRICANE - Hurricane Electric LLC, US United States 528,640 282,631,934,115,840 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS31510 IKB-AS - Innsbrucker Kommunalbetriebe AG, AT Austria 27,904 4,294,967,296 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS137409 GSLNETWORKS-AS-AP - GSL Networks Pty LTD, AU Australia 53,504 124,588,720,128 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS262589 INTERNEXA Brasil Operadora de Telecomunicações S.A, BR Brazil 239,616 25,772,163,072 IPv4 IPv4
AS34177 CELESTE-AS - CELESTE SAS, FR France 192,768 42,949,672,960 IPv4 IPv4
AS35280 F5 - F5 Networks SARL, FR France 50,944 81,604,378,624 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS38193 TWA-AS-AP - TRANSWORLD ASSOCIATES (PVT) LIMITED, PK Pakistan 25,344 4,294,967,296 IPv4 IPv4
AS3216 SOVAM-AS - PJSC "Vimpelcom", RU Russian Federation 1,056,266 4,295,098,368 IPv4 IPv4
AS6667 EUNET-FINLAND - Elisa Oyj, FI Finland 2,816 4,294,967,296 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS12552 IPO-EU - GlobalConnect AB, SE Sweden 578,304 274,878,758,912 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS15605 CONNESI - Connesi s.p.a., IT Italy 20,992 17,179,869,184 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS29075 IELO - IELO-LIAZO SERVICES SAS, FR France 43,008 107,374,182,400 IPv4 IPv4
AS200780 APPLIWAVE - Eurofiber France SAS, FR France 21,248 38,654,705,664 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS1267 ASN-WINDTRE - WIND TRE S.P.A., IT Italy 6,567,936 2,233,382,993,920 IPv4 IPv4
AS6057 Administracion Nacional de Telecomunicaciones, UY Uruguay 2,164,224 68,719,476,736 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS6204 ZET-NET - INTERKVM HOST SRL, RO Romania 512 268,435,456 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS23106 AMERICAN TOWER DO BRASIL-COMUNICAÇÂO MULTIMÍDIA LT, BR Brazil 159,744 4,294,967,296 IPv4 IPv4
AS559 SWITCH, CH Switzerland 2,183,680 176,093,790,208 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS39120 CONVERGENZE-AS - Convergenze S.p.A., IT Italy 38,144 12,884,901,888 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS200612 GulfBridgeInternational - Gulf Bridge International Inc., VG British Virgin Islands 3,072 34,359,738,368 IPv4 IPv4
AS39351 ESAB-AS - 31173 Services AB, SE Sweden 9,728 4,295,819,264 IPv4 IPv4
AS59605 ZAINGP-AS - Zain Omantel International FZ-LLC, AE United Arab Emirates 6,400 458,752 IPv4 IPv4
AS60539 Huicast_Telecom - Huicast Telecom Limited, HK Hong Kong 1,792 34,359,738,368 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS64289 MACARNE-LLC - Macarne LLC, US United States 9,216 877,658,112 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS1299 TWELVE99 - Arelion Sweden AB, SE Sweden 222,208 77,326,712,832 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS9269 HKBN-AS-AP - Hong Kong Broadband Network Ltd, HK Hong Kong 1,737,728 4,294,967,296 IPv4 IPv4
AS12779 ITGATE - IT.Gate S.p.A., IT Italy 45,824 42,949,804,032 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS24482 SGGS-AS-AP - SG.GS, SG Singapore 21,504 4,294,967,296 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS398465 RACKDOG-LLC - Rackdog, LLC, US United States 28,672 34,628,173,824 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS13030 INIT7 - Init7 (Switzerland) Ltd., CH Switzerland 113,152 103,100,514,304 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS14840 BR.Digital Provider, BR Brazil 66,560 14,009,892,864 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS37662 WIOCC-AS - West Indian Ocean Cable Company, MU Mauritius 11,264 12,885,032,960 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS41666 PYRO-AS - Institute for Pyrotechnical Cleaning (limited company), FI Finland 256 65,536 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS1031 PEER1-1031 - PEER 1031 LLC, US United States 1,536 4,294,967,296 IPv4 IPv4
AS3320 DTAG - Deutsche Telekom AG, DE Germany 34,074,880 35,330,605,318,144 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS5398 AS5398 - AS5398 SA, CH Switzerland 13,824 38,654,705,664 IPv4 IPv4
AS8529 OMANTEL-AS - Zain Omantel International FZ-LLC, AE United Arab Emirates 15,360 0 IPv4 IPv4
AS328832 Network-Platforms-International - Network Platforms (PTY) LTD, ZA South Africa 0 0 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS140731 TOHU-OP-AP - TOHU Public Internet, CN China 256 37,748,736 IPv6 IPv6
AS1103 SURFNET-NL - SURF B.V., NL Netherlands 6,155,008 34,359,869,440 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS263152 MIGO TELECOM, BR Brazil 6,144 4,294,967,296 IPv4 IPv4
AS51184 FONIRA - Fonira Telekom GmbH, AT Austria 12,800 111,669,739,520 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS9002 RETN-AS - RETN Limited, GB United Kingdom 25,344 4,294,967,296 IPv6 IPv6
AS20932 SIG-ST - Services Industriels de Geneve, CH Switzerland 9,472 4,294,967,296 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS25091 IP-MAX - IP-Max SA, CH Switzerland 14,848 68,719,607,808 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS44620 TRES - TRES TEKNOLOJI ANONIM SIRKETI, TR Turkey 5,376 65,536 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS49544 i3Dnet - i3D.net B.V, NL Netherlands 96,256 363,464,032,256 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS22356 Durand do Brasil Ltda, BR Brazil 29,184 4,294,967,296 IPv4 IPv4
AS48362 TKSWF-AS - Stadtwerke Feldkirch, AT Austria 7,680 4,294,967,296 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS57463 NetIX - NetIX Communications JSC, BG Bulgaria 512 0 IPv4 IPv4
AS7195 EDGEUNO SAS, CO Colombia 35,328 4,276,158,464 IPv4 IPv4
AS8447 A1TELEKOM-AT - A1 Telekom Austria AG, AT Austria 2,831,104 171,799,085,056 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS12637 SEEWEB - SEEWEB s.r.l., IT Italy 90,112 231,928,233,984 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS18106 VIEWQWEST-SG-AP - Viewqwest Pte Ltd, SG Singapore 53,248 13,153,337,344 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS Description Country / Region IPv4 NUMs IPv6 NUMs IPv4 IPv6
AS1921 RCODEZERO-ANYCAST-SEC1-TLD - ipcom GmbH, AT Austria 3,840 917,504 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS62317 Macnetix-GmbH - TRIAX GmbH, DE Germany 2,816 0 IPv4 IPv4
AS20676 PLUSNET - Plusnet GmbH, DE Germany 1,193,728 158,913,855,488 IPv4 IPv4
AS50030 SYSTEMDE-AS - system.de - System & Project GmbH, DE Germany 256 65,536 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS16075 TAZ-AS - TAZ Verlags- und Vertriebsgesellschaft mit beschraenkter Haftung Berlin, DE Germany 256 65,536 IPv6 IPv6
AS31529 DENIC-ANYCAST-AS - DENIC eG, DE Germany 1,792 1,310,720 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS33811 PIXELPARK-AS - Digitas GmbH, DE Germany 8,192 65,536 IPv4 IPv4
AS49130 SysEleven-AS49130 - SysEleven GmbH, DE Germany 256 65,536 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS199118 HPLS-AS - Heinlein-Support GmbH, DE Germany 3,840 65,536 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS199645 integrate-it - integrate-it Netzwerke GmbH, DE Germany 1,024 34,359,738,368 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS200770 REQUISIS-AS - REQUISIS GmbH, DE Germany 1,024 34,359,738,368 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS202579 AFFINITAS-ASN - Spark Networks Services GmbH, DE Germany 1,024 0 IPv4 IPv4
AS212583 focusnet - FOCUSNET GMBH, DE Germany 768 8,589,934,592 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS206028 datenreisen - Datenreisen UG, DE Germany 1,024 34,359,738,368 IPv6 IPv6
AS34591 sigint - signal interrupt GmbH, DE Germany 1,024 34,359,738,368 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6

Peers at this Exchange Point

Country / Region IX IPv4 IPv6 Port Speed Updated
Germany BCIX - Berlin Commercial Internet Exchange 193.178.185.59 2001:7f8:19:1::50a7:1 10 Gbps 2016-06-13 07:40:03
Germany DE-CIX Frankfurt 80.81.192.85 2001:7f8::50a7:0:1 10 Gbps 2018-06-01 00:20:43
Germany MegaIX Berlin - Megaport MegaIX Berlin 194.9.117.72 2001:7f8:8:5:0:50a7:0:1 10 Gbps 2016-06-13 07:40:03
Netherlands AMS-IX - Amsterdam Internet Exchange 80.249.210.229 2001:7f8:1::a502:647:1 1 Gbps 2020-11-05 12:53:52
Netherlands NL-ix - Neutral Internet Exchange 193.239.116.234 2001:7f8:13::a502:647:1 10 Gbps 2021-11-08 15:24:55

Private Peering Facilities

Country / Region Name City Website Updated
CarrierColo Berlin Luetzow (I/P/B/ site B) Berlin http://www.carrier-colo.com/ 2016-03-14 21:58:03
euNetworks Colocation Berlin Berlin http://www.euNetworks.com/ 2016-03-14 21:58:02
NTT Berlin 1 Data Center (BER1) Berlin https://datacenter.hello.global.ntt/en/location/berlin/berlin-1-data-center 2016-03-14 21:56:19
CarrierColo Berlin Kitzing (I/P/B/ site K) Berlin http://www.carrier-colo.com/ 2016-03-14 21:36:33
Digital Realty Frankfurt FRA1-16 Frankfurt https://www.digitalrealty.com/data-centers/frankfurt/gip-park-area-frankfurt-am-main-germany-1 2016-09-19 05:47:27
IP Address Domain NUMs Domains
91.102.8.3 1 orderentry.imd-labore.de
91.102.8.50 1 mail20.berlinercloud.net
91.102.8.172 1 elager.techware.eu
91.102.8.186 1 vpn.zingler.gmbh
91.102.9.158 1 zeus.flexitel.de
91.102.9.206 1 sg-ber.shc.eu
91.102.10.34 12 autoberufeboersen.kfzgewerbe.de
91.102.10.35 73 dsc3003mail.de
91.102.10.42 2 smartphonevergleich.m.o2online.de
91.102.10.109 1 go.voice-on.net
as-block:       AS20485 - AS20857
descr:          RIPE NCC ASN block
remarks:        These AS Numbers are assigned to network operators in the RIPE NCC service region.
mnt-by:         RIPE-NCC-HM-MNT
created:        2018-11-22T15:27:27Z
last-modified:  2018-11-22T15:27:27Z
source:         RIPE



aut-num:        AS20647
as-name:        IPB
descr:          IPB Internet Provider in Berlin GmbH
org:            ORG-IIPi2-RIPE
remarks:        ----------- Transits -----------
remarks:        TeliaSonera International Carrier
import:         from AS1299 action pref=100; accept ANY
export:         to AS1299 announce AS-IPB
mp-import:      afi ipv6.unicast from AS1299 action pref=100; accept ANY
mp-export:      afi ipv6.unicast to AS1299 announce AS-IPB
remarks:        --------------------------------
remarks:        Hurricane Electric
mp-import:      afi ipv6.unicast from AS6939 action pref=100; accept ANY
mp-export:      afi ipv6.unicast to AS6939 announce AS-IPB
remarks:        --------------------------------
remarks:        DTAG
import:         from AS3320 action pref=100; accept ANY
export:         to AS3320 announce AS-IPB
mp-import:      afi ipv6.unicast from AS3320 action pref=100; accept ANY
mp-export:      afi ipv6.unicast to AS3320 announce AS-IPB
remarks:        --------------------------------
remarks:        CenturyLink
import:         from AS3356 action pref=100; accept ANY
export:         to AS3356 announce AS-IPB
mp-import:      afi ipv6.unicast from AS3356 action pref=100; accept ANY
mp-export:      afi ipv6.unicast to AS3356 announce AS-IPB
remarks:        --------------------------------
export:         to AS20647:AS-TRANSIT announce AS20647:AS-IPB
member-of:      AS3320:AS-AUTH-PILOT-BLACKHOLE-FROM-AS25291
member-of:      AS3320:AS-AUTH-PILOT-ROUTEPRIO-FROM-AS25291
mp-export:      afi ipv6.unicast to AS20647:AS-TRANSIT announce AS20647:AS-IPB
export:         to AS20647:AS-PEERS announce AS20647:AS-IPB
mp-export:      afi ipv6.unicast to AS20647:AS-PEERS announce AS20647:AS-IPB
export:         to AS20647:AS-CUSTOMER announce ANY
mp-export:      afi ipv6.unicast to AS20647:AS-CUSTOMER announce ANY
import:         from AS20647:AS-CUSTOMER action pref=500; accept AS20647:AS-SET:PeerAS
mp-import:      afi ipv6.unicast from AS20647:AS-CUSTOMER action pref=500; accept AS20647:AS-SET:PeerAS
import:         from AS20647:AS-TRANSIT accept ANY
mp-import:      afi ipv6.unicast from AS20647:AS-TRANSIT accept ANY
import:         from AS20647:AS-PEERS action pref=300; accept AS20647:AS-SET:PeerAS
mp-import:      afi ipv6.unicast from AS20647:AS-PEERS action pref=300; accept AS20647:AS-SET:PeerAS
admin-c:        IPB-RIPE
tech-c:         IPB-RIPE
status:         ASSIGNED
mnt-by:         RIPE-NCC-END-MNT
mnt-by:         IPB-MNT
created:        2002-09-11T13:02:22Z
last-modified:  2020-10-09T19:14:43Z
source:         RIPE

organisation:   ORG-IIPi2-RIPE
org-name:       IPB Internet Provider in Berlin GmbH
country:        DE
org-type:       LIR
address:        Luetzowstrasse 106
address:        10785
address:        Berlin
address:        GERMANY
phone:          +4930920373951
fax-no:         +4930920373952
e-mail:         info@ipb.de
admin-c:        SD192-RIPE
admin-c:        IPB-RIPE
abuse-c:        IPB-RIPE
mnt-ref:        RIPE-NCC-HM-MNT
mnt-ref:        IPB-MNT
mnt-by:         RIPE-NCC-HM-MNT
mnt-by:         IPB-MNT
created:        2008-09-15T12:54:55Z
last-modified:  2020-12-16T13:09:53Z
source:         RIPE

role:           IPB Hostmaster
address:        IPB Internet Provider in Berlin GmbH
address:        Network Operations Center
address:        Luetzowstrasse 106
address:        D-10785 Berlin
phone:          +49 30 920 373 950
fax-no:         +49 30 920 373 952
remarks:        trouble: Bug reports mailto:ripe@ipberlin.com
remarks:        trouble: Urgent bug reports: call +49 30 920 373 950
e-mail:         ripe@ipberlin.com
abuse-mailbox:  abuse@ipberlin.com
admin-c:        SD192-RIPE
tech-c:         SD192-RIPE
nic-hdl:        IPB-RIPE
mnt-by:         IPB-MNT
created:        2008-03-01T15:39:23Z
last-modified:  2021-01-13T08:52:12Z
source:         RIPE