AS Number
AS1248
AS Name
HERE
Org Name
HERE Global BV
Country / Region
Netherlands
Registry

ripe

RegDate

Updated

2018-11-22T15:27:10Z

AS1248 Looking Glass
IPv4Prefixes

12

IPv6Prefixes

2

IPv4 NUMs

40,960

IPv6 NUMs(/64)

327,680

40,960 IPv4 Addresses
CIDR Description IP Num
66.54.64.0/19
IRR InValid
HERE North America LLC 8192
66.54.95.0/24
IRR Valid
HERE North America LLC 256
131.228.128.0/17
IRR Valid
HERE Global BV 32768
131.228.152.0/21
IRR Valid
HERE-EU-DC 2048
131.228.165.0/24
IRR Parent Valid
HERE-IN-GUEST 256
131.228.180.0/22
IRR Valid
HERE Global BV 1024
131.228.192.0/21
IRR Valid
HERE-US-INTERNET 2048
131.228.230.0/24
IRR Valid
HERE-APAC-INET 256
131.228.231.0/24
IRR Valid
HERE-INDIA-INET 256
131.228.232.0/24
IRR Valid
HERE-KOREA-INET 256
131.228.233.0/24
IRR Parent Valid
HERE Global BV 256
131.228.255.0/24
IRR Valid
HERE Global BV 256
CIDR Description IP NUMs(prefix /64)
2001:490:4008::/48
IRR Parent Valid
HERE North America LLC 65536
2001:490:4a00::/46
IRR Parent Valid
HERE North America LLC 262144
AS Description Country / Region IPv4 NUMs IPv6 NUMs IPv4 IPv6
AS1828 UNITAS - Unitas Global LLC, US United States 261,888 47,244,640,256 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS13786 SEABORN - Seabras 1 USA, LLC, US United States 3,072 8,589,934,592 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS23673 ONLINE-AS - COGETEL LTD., KH Cambodia 32,768 4,294,967,296 IPv4 IPv4
AS138064 JINOM-AS-ID - PT. Jinom Network Indonesia, ID Indonesia 2,048 655,360 IPv4 IPv4
AS15605 CONNESI - Connesi s.p.a., IT Italy 20,992 17,179,869,184 IPv4 IPv4
AS20932 SIG-ST - Services Industriels de Geneve, CH Switzerland 9,472 4,294,967,296 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS24482 SGGS-AS-AP - SG.GS, SG Singapore 21,504 4,294,967,296 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS34927 iFog-GmbH - iFog GmbH, CH Switzerland 4,096 174,850,048 IPv4 IPv4
AS48362 TKSWF-AS - Stadtwerke Feldkirch, AT Austria 7,680 4,294,967,296 IPv4 IPv4
AS262589 INTERNEXA BRASIL OPERADORA DE TELECOMUNICACOES S.A, BR Brazil 235,264 30,086,594,560 IPv4 IPv4
AS559 SWITCH, CH Switzerland 2,183,680 176,093,790,208 IPv4 IPv4
AS4755 TATACOMM-AS - Tata Communications Limited, IN India 1,785,856 8,590,196,736 IPv4 IPv4
AS13030 INIT7 - Init7 (Switzerland) Ltd., CH Switzerland 113,152 103,100,579,840 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS18106 VIEWQWEST-SG-AP - Viewqwest Pte Ltd, SG Singapore 53,248 13,153,337,344 IPv4 IPv4
AS29075 IELO - IELO-LIAZO SERVICES SAS, FR France 42,240 107,374,182,400 IPv4 IPv4
AS1239 SPRINTLINK - Sprint, US United States 11,939,840 229,781,012,480 IPv4 IPv4
AS1299 TWELVE99 - Arelion Sweden AB, SE Sweden 220,672 92,646,604,800 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS3399 OBE-NET - Obenetwork AB, SE Sweden 13,312 38,654,771,200 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS17557 PKTELECOM-AS-PK - Pakistan Telecommuication company limited, PK Pakistan 3,854,936 4,295,032,832 IPv4 IPv4
AS24516 VIRTUTEL-AS-AP - Virtutel Pty Ltd, AU Australia 9,984 4,294,967,296 IPv4 IPv4
AS37100 SEACOM-AS - SEACOM Limited, MU Mauritius 1,072,896 12,884,901,888 IPv4 IPv4
AS263009 FORTE TELECOM LTDA., BR Brazil 3,072 4,294,967,296 IPv4 IPv4
AS4788 TTSSB-MY - TM TECHNOLOGY SERVICES SDN BHD, MY Malaysia 3,216,896 4,833,673,216 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS6424 EDGOO - EDGOO NETWORKS UNIPESSOAL LDA, PT Portugal 2,560 4,294,967,296 IPv4 IPv4
AS28716 RETELIT-AS - Retelit Digital Services S.p.A., IT Italy 48,384 107,374,182,400 IPv4 IPv4
AS35280 F5 - F5 Networks SARL, FR France 50,432 81,604,378,624 IPv4 IPv4
AS61568 ALOO TELECOM - FSF TECNOLOGIA SA, BR Brazil 15,872 4,294,967,296 IPv4 IPv4
AS37721 Virtual-Technologies-Solutions-SA - Virtual Technologies & Solutions, BF Burkina Faso 15,360 4,294,967,296 IPv4 IPv4
AS58952 FRONTIIRCOLTD-MM - Frontiir Co., Ltd, MM Myanmar 7,168 4,294,967,296 IPv4 IPv4
AS263152 MIGO TELECOM, BR Brazil 6,144 4,294,967,296 IPv4 IPv4
AS12552 IPO-EU - GlobalConnect AB, SE Sweden 580,096 274,879,021,056 IPv4 IPv4
AS14840 COMMCORP COMUNICACOES LTDA, BR Brazil 64,512 15,083,634,688 IPv4 IPv4
AS37468 ANGOLA-CABLES - Angola Cables, AO Angola 8,192 42,949,672,960 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS39120 CONVERGENZE-AS - Convergenze S.p.A., IT Italy 38,144 12,884,901,888 IPv4 IPv4
AS47734 TELECOM-IT-SOLUTIONS-AS - Telecom IT Solutions SRL, RO Romania 256 65,536 IPv4 IPv4
AS58299 OPENFACTORY-AS - Openfactory GmbH, CH Switzerland 3,072 17,179,934,720 IPv4 IPv4
AS271253 LINK BRASIL TELECOMUNICACOES LTDA, BR Brazil 4,096 4,849,991,680 IPv4 IPv4
AS8447 A1TELEKOM-AT - A1 Telekom Austria AG, AT Austria 2,831,104 171,799,150,592 IPv4 IPv4
AS9957 KINX-AS - KINX, KR Republic of Korea 7,936 0 IPv4 IPv4
AS12779 ITGATE - IT.Gate S.p.A., IT Italy 45,568 42,949,804,032 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS49544 i3Dnet - i3D.net B.V, NL Netherlands 97,792 375,543,758,848 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS50304 BLIX - Blix Solutions AS, NO Norway 41,472 283,484,880,896 IPv4 IPv4
AS1267 ASN-WINDTRE - WIND TRE S.P.A., IT Italy 6,567,936 2,233,382,993,920 IPv4 IPv4
AS6057 Administracion Nacional de Telecomunicaciones, UY Uruguay 2,164,224 68,719,476,736 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS52320 GlobeNet Cabos Submarinos Colombia, S.A.S., CO Colombia 4,096 8,589,934,592 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS58511 ANYCAST-GLOBAL-BACKBONE - Anycast Holdings Pty Ltd, AU Australia 23,552 8,589,934,592 IPv4 IPv4
AS9002 RETN-AS - RETN Limited, GB United Kingdom 28,160 4,294,967,296 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS14061 DIGITALOCEAN-ASN - DigitalOcean, LLC, US United States 2,948,352 17,956,864 IPv4 IPv4
AS38193 TWA-AS-AP - TRANSWORLD ASSOCIATES (PVT) LIMITED, PK Pakistan 25,344 4,294,967,296 IPv4 IPv4
AS19653 CTSTELECOM - CTS Communications Corp, US United States 61,952 4,294,967,296 IPv6 IPv6
AS16735 ALGAR TELECOM S/A, BR Brazil 546,560 17,188,847,616 IPv4 IPv4
AS24115 ASN-EQIX-MLPE - Equinix Asia Pacific Pte Ltd, SG Singapore 0 0 IPv4 IPv4
AS47160 MOJI - MOJI SAS, FR France 5,632 34,376,515,584 IPv4 IPv4
AS8529 OMANTEL-AS - Zain Omantel International FZ-LLC, AE United Arab Emirates 15,360 0 IPv4 IPv4
AS40934 FORTINET - Fortinet Inc., US United States 39,936 458,752 IPv4 IPv4
AS47787 EDGOO - EDGOO NETWORKS UNIPESSOAL LDA, PT Portugal 5,376 214,748,430,336 IPv4 IPv4
AS51184 FONIRA - Fonira Telekom GmbH, AT Austria 12,800 111,669,739,520 IPv4 IPv4
AS398465 RACKDOG-LLC - Rackdog, LLC, US United States 27,904 34,628,173,824 IPv4 IPv4
AS4826 VOCUS-BACKBONE-AS - VOCUS PTY LTD, AU Australia 315,392 17,196,908,544 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS57695 MISAKA - Misaka Network, Inc., US United States 4,096 8,946,909,184 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS133210 ENTECHNOLOGIES-AS-AP - EN Technologies Pte Ltd, SG Singapore 512 65,536 IPv4 IPv4
AS396998 PATH-NETWORK - Path Network, Inc., US United States 10,240 68,736,253,952 IPv4 IPv4
AS5398 AS5398 - AS5398 SA, CH Switzerland 13,312 42,949,672,960 IPv4 IPv4
AS6204 ZET-NET - INTERKVM HOST SRL, RO Romania 512 268,500,992 IPv4 IPv4
AS23106 AMERICAN TOWER DO BRASIL-COMUNICAÇÂO MULTIMÍDIA LT, BR Brazil 159,744 4,294,967,296 IPv4 IPv4
AS4455 BSO - IX Reach Ltd, GB United Kingdom 57,088 12,884,967,424 IPv4 IPv4
AS11039 GWU - The George Washington University, US United States 131,072 536,870,912 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS41327 FIBERTELECOM-AS - Fiber Telecom S.p.A., IT Italy 8,192 68,719,476,736 IPv4 IPv4
AS1280 ISC-AS-1280 - Internet Systems Consortium, Inc., US United States 23,552 4,297,916,416 IPv4 IPv4
AS19151 BBO-1 - BroadbandONE, LLC, US United States 35,584 4,295,032,832 IPv4 IPv4
AS30781 JAGUAR-AS - Free Pro SAS, FR France 96,768 133,144,051,712 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS9009 M247 - M247 Europe SRL, RO Romania 1,188,352 339,441,090,816 IPv4 IPv4
AS13058 serve-u-AS - serve-u - Buchholz und Suenderhauf GbR, DE Germany 1,792 34,359,738,368 IPv4 IPv4
AS13760 UNITI-FIBER - Uniti Fiber Holdings Inc., US United States 124,416 13,153,402,880 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS15547 NETPLUS - netplus.ch SA, CH Switzerland 134,144 42,949,672,960 IPv4 IPv4
AS49605 DTS-AS - Digital Telecommunication Services S.r.l., IT Italy 9,472 38,654,705,664 IPv4 IPv4
AS61135 COMNET-DATACENTER-ISTANBUL - COMNET BILGI ILETISIM TEKNOLOJILERI TICARET A.S., TR Turkey 9,472 4,295,229,440 IPv4 IPv4
AS7195 EDGEUNO SAS, CO Colombia 35,328 4,277,272,576 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS8708 RCS-RDS - RCS & RDS SA, RO Romania 1,924,608 107,374,182,400 IPv4 IPv4
AS33891 CORE-BACKBONE - Core-Backbone GmbH, DE Germany 0 0 IPv6 IPv6
AS3741 IS - Dimension Data, ZA South Africa 2,608,384 146,029,084,672 IPv4 IPv4
AS47692 NESSUS - Nessus GmbH, AT Austria 35,328 34,360,066,048 IPv4 IPv4
AS328832 Network-Platforms-International - Network Platforms (PTY) LTD, ZA South Africa 0 0 IPv4 IPv4
AS4637 ASN-TELSTRA-GLOBAL - Telstra International Limited, HK Hong Kong 531,968 17,179,869,184 IPv4 IPv4
AS5713 SAIX-NET - Telkom SA Ltd., ZA South Africa 1,990,656 17,600,778,076,160 IPv4 IPv4
AS1764 NEXTLAYER-AS - Next Layer Telekommunikationsdienstleistungs- und Beratungs GmbH, AT Austria 87,296 274,878,169,088 IPv4 IPv4
AS39351 ESAB-AS - 31173 Services AB, SE Sweden 9,984 8,590,786,560 IPv4 IPv4
AS200780 APPLIWAVE - APPLIWAVE SAS, FR France 20,224 38,654,705,664 IPv4 IPv4
AS45352 IPSERVERONE-AS-AP - IP ServerOne Solutions Sdn Bhd, MY Malaysia 39,424 4,027,645,952 IPv4 IPv4
AS6667 EUNET-FINLAND - Elisa Oyj, FI Finland 2,816 4,294,967,296 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS8426 CLARANET-AS - Claranet Limited, GB United Kingdom 978,688 214,748,758,016 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS12637 SEEWEB - SEEWEB s.r.l., IT Italy 91,392 236,223,201,280 IPv4 IPv4
AS13237 LAMBDANET-AS - euNetworks GmbH, DE Germany 562,944 111,669,149,696 IPv4 IPv4
AS25091 IP-MAX - IP-Max SA, CH Switzerland 13,824 68,719,607,808 IPv4 IPv4
AS34019 HIVANE - Hivane Association, FR France 2,816 1,245,184 IPv4 IPv4
AS36351 SOFTLAYER - SoftLayer Technologies Inc., US United States 4,354,816 39,668,088,832 IPv4 IPv4
AS7575 AARNET-AS-AP - Australian Academic and Research Network, AU Australia 1,351,168 25,769,934,848 IPv4 IPv4
AS34224 NETERRA-AS - Neterra Ltd., BG Bulgaria 42,496 4,294,967,296 IPv4 IPv4
AS56987 AS-ABACLOUDA - ABACLOUDA SAS, FR France 1,024 34,359,738,368 IPv4 IPv4
AS8220 COLT - COLT Technology Services Group Limited, GB United Kingdom 1,361,664 25,770,786,816 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS9304 HUTCHISON-AS-AP - HGC Global Communications Limited, HK Hong Kong 1,504,512 12,884,967,424 IPv4 IPv4
AS34177 CELESTE-AS - CELESTE SAS, FR France 193,536 42,949,672,960 IPv4 IPv4
AS57463 NetIX - NetIX Communications JSC, BG Bulgaria 512 0 IPv4 IPv4
AS17660 DRUKNET-AS - Bhutan Telecom Ltd, BT Bhutan 18,432 4,294,967,296 IPv6 IPv6
AS1031 PEER-1-INTERNET - Peer 1 Internet Service LLC, US United States 3,782 4,294,967,296 IPv4 IPv4
AS31510 IKB-AS - Innsbrucker Kommunalbetriebe AG, AT Austria 27,904 4,294,967,296 IPv4 IPv4
AS47147 AS-ANX - ANEXIA Internetdienstleistungs GmbH, AT Austria 1,536 196,608 IPv4 IPv4
AS3216 SOVAM-AS - PJSC "Vimpelcom", RU Russian Federation 1,066,758 4,295,098,368 IPv4 IPv4
AS3257 GTT-BACKBONE - GTT Communications Inc., US United States 8,522,496 253,672,095,744 IPv4 IPv4
AS4181 TDS-AS - TDS TELECOM, US United States 1,743,872 77,309,411,328 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS16552 TIGGEE - Tiggee LLC, US United States 12,800 38,657,064,960 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS59890 Kabel-TV-Lampert - Kabel-TV Lampert GmbH & Co KG, AT Austria 13,312 34,359,738,368 IPv4 IPv4
AS199524 GCORE - G-Core Labs S.A., LU Luxembourg 88,576 108,986,368 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS1103 SURFNET-NL - SURF B.V., NL Netherlands 6,155,008 34,359,803,904 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS6939 HURRICANE - Hurricane Electric LLC, US United States 528,640 282,631,665,680,384 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS35360 GARGUNET - Frederic Gargula, CH Switzerland 1,024 34,359,738,368 IPv4 IPv4
AS53427 TGLOBAL-NETWORKS - TGLOBAL NETWORKS, US United States 768 16,777,216 IPv4 IPv4
AS63927 RISE-HK - RISE ASIA TECHNOLOGY LIMITED, HK Hong Kong 2,304 141,733,920,768 IPv4 IPv4
AS200612 GulfBridgeInternational - Gulf Bridge International Inc., VG British Virgin Islands 3,072 34,360,197,120 IPv4 IPv4
AS213241 TECHIT - TECHIT.BE SRL, BE Belgium 3,584 131,072 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS293 ESNET, US United States 134,656 4,295,163,904 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS9050 RTD - ORANGE ROMANIA COMMUNICATION S.A, RO Romania 1,493,504 4,294,967,296 IPv4 IPv4
AS38001 NEWMEDIAEXPRESS-AS-AP - NewMedia Express Pte Ltd, SG Singapore 19,712 5,570,560 IPv4 IPv4
AS59605 ZAINGP-AS - Zain Omantel International FZ-LLC, AE United Arab Emirates 6,400 458,752 IPv4 IPv4
AS137409 GSLNETWORKS-AS-AP - GSL Networks Pty LTD, AU Australia 53,248 141,751,156,736 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS36944 UBUNTU-UNICAST-AS - Ubuntunet Alliance For Research and Education Networking, MW Malawi 2,048 65,536 IPv6 IPv6
AS Description Country / Region IPv4 NUMs IPv6 NUMs IPv4 IPv6
AS14803 ASHEREDC - HERE North America LLC, US United States 2,048 536,870,912 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6

Peers at this Exchange Point

Country / Region IX IPv4 IPv6 Port Speed Updated
United Kingdom LINX LON1 - London Internet Exchange Ltd. 195.66.225.94 2001:7f8:4::4e0:1 10 Gbps 2022-04-27 20:56:15
Germany DE-CIX Frankfurt 80.81.194.17 2001:7f8::4e0:0:1 2 Gbps 2018-06-01 00:20:42
United States Equinix Palo Alto - Equinix Internet Exchange Palo Alto 198.32.176.68 2001:504:d::64 10 Gbps 2018-01-30 09:43:15
Netherlands AMS-IX - Amsterdam Internet Exchange 80.249.209.238 2001:7f8:1::a500:1248:1 10 Gbps 2018-01-31 13:29:56
Singapore Equinix Singapore - Equinix Internet Exchange Singapore 27.111.228.97 2001:de8:4::1248:1 1 Gbps 2018-01-30 09:43:15

Private Peering Facilities

Country / Region Name City Website Updated
Equinix SV1/SV5/SV10 - Silicon Valley, San Jose San Jose https://www.equinix.com/locations/americas-colocation/united-states-colocation/silicon-valley-data-centers/ 2016-03-14 21:57:29
Equinix FR7 - Frankfurt, Gutleutstrasse Frankfurt https://www.equinix.com/locations/germany-colocation/frankfurt-data-centers/fr7/ 2016-03-14 21:57:30
Equinix AM7 - Amsterdam, Kuiperberweg Amsterdam https://www.equinix.com/locations/netherlands-colocation/amsterdam-data-centers/am7/ 2016-03-14 21:57:28
Digital Realty London LHR20 London https://www.interxion.com/ 2016-03-14 21:57:29
Equinix DC1-DC15, DC21 - Ashburn Ashburn http://www.equinix.com/ 2016-03-14 20:54:54
Equinix SG1 - Singapore Singapore https://www.equinix.com/locations/singapore-colocation/singapore-data-center/sg1/ 2016-03-14 20:54:54
Equinix CH1/CH2/CH4 - Chicago Chicago http://www.equinix.com/ 2016-03-14 21:58:11
IP Address Domain NUMs Domains
66.54.64.146 1 retinaconsole.it.here.com
66.54.64.167 2 sip.it.here.com
66.54.64.168 1 atlwco.it.here.com
66.54.64.169 1 atlav.it.here.com
66.54.64.170 2 sip.it.here.com
66.54.64.171 1 atlwco.it.here.com
66.54.64.172 1 atlav.it.here.com
66.54.64.174 3 expressway.it.here.com
66.54.64.175 1 expressway02.uc.here.com
66.54.65.7 7 alerts-atl.cc.api.here.com
as-block:       AS1248 - AS1248
descr:          RIPE NCC ASN block
remarks:        These AS Numbers are assigned to network operators in the RIPE NCC service region.
mnt-by:         RIPE-NCC-HM-MNT
created:        2018-11-22T15:27:10Z
last-modified:  2018-11-22T15:27:10Z
source:         RIPE



aut-num:        AS1248
as-name:        HERE
org:            ORG-HGB1-RIPE
remarks:        === DC ===
import:         from AS14803 accept AS14803
export:         to AS14803 announce ANY
remarks:        === IP Transit ===
remarks:        --- Telstra ---
import:         from AS4637 accept ANY and not {0.0.0.0/0}
export:         to AS4637 announce AS-HERE
remarks:        --- Telia ---
import:         from AS1299 accept ANY and not {0.0.0.0/0}
export:         to AS1299 announce AS-HERE
remarks:        === Private peers ===
remarks:        --- Amazon ---
remarks:        from AS16509 accept AS-AMAZON-NA
remarks:        to AS16509 announce AS-HERE
remarks:        === Internet Exchanges ===
remarks:        --- AMS-IX ---
remarks:        --- DE-CIX ---
remarks:        --- LINX ---
remarks:        --- PAIX ---
remarks:        --- Equinix SG ---
admin-c:        HERE2-RIPE
tech-c:         HERE2-RIPE
status:         LEGACY
mnt-by:         nl-hereglobal-1-mnt
mnt-by:         RIPE-NCC-LEGACY-MNT
created:        1970-01-01T00:00:00Z
last-modified:  2018-01-30T14:31:13Z
source:         RIPE

organisation:   ORG-HGB1-RIPE
org-name:       HERE Global BV
country:        NL
org-type:       LIR
address:        Kennedyplein 222
address:        5611 ZT
address:        Eindhoven
address:        NETHERLANDS
phone:          +31402981400
e-mail:         peering@here.com
admin-c:        PM21510-RIPE
tech-c:         PM21510-RIPE
abuse-c:        AR34123-RIPE
mnt-ref:        nl-hereglobal-1-mnt
mnt-by:         RIPE-NCC-HM-MNT
mnt-ref:        RIPE-NCC-HM-MNT
mnt-by:         nl-hereglobal-1-mnt
created:        2015-11-04T14:46:43Z
last-modified:  2020-12-16T13:13:50Z
source:         RIPE

role:           HERE Internet & Core Networks
address:        425 W Randolph Street
address:        Chicago, Illinois 60606
address:        USA
e-mail:         peering@here.com
abuse-mailbox:  abuse@here.com
admin-c:        PM21510-RIPE
tech-c:         PM21510-RIPE
nic-hdl:        HERE2-RIPE
mnt-by:         nl-hereglobal-1-mnt
created:        2015-12-28T13:30:26Z
last-modified:  2019-05-09T18:30:29Z
source:         RIPE